The Garth tsunami is a likely prehistoric tsunami off the Shetland Islands that may have occurred 5,500 years ago (3,500 BCE). Its origin is unknown; impact events, earthquakes, and submarine landslides similar to the Storegga Slide 8,100 years ago (6,100 BCE) have been proposed as factors contributing to the event. Evidence suggests a run-up of more than 10 metres (33 ft) in the Shetland Islands. It probably had great impact on coastal communities in the region; mass burials dating approximately to that time in the Shetland and Orkney Islands have been interpreted to host its fatalities.
Name, chronology and size
editThe tsunami is named after Garth Loch.[1] It likely took place approximately 5,500 years ago and also is known as the "5,500 BP event".[2] It generated a run-up of more than 10 metres (33 ft) in the Shetland Islands.[3] This tsunami is one of three thought to have hit Scotland during the Holocene[4] although the occurrence of this or a later one are considered uncertain.[5]
Deposits
editDeposits from the tsunami have been recovered at Garth, South Nesting, in Garth Loch and Loch of Benston;[6] originally it was discovered at Sullum Voe, Shetland.[2] Further evidence of environmental changes possibly caused by a tsunami 5,500 years ago have been identified at West Voe.[7] Its deposits resemble those created by the tsunamis generated by the Storegga Slide 8,100 years ago. Evidence, later questioned, from this tsunami has also been found in Bergsøy, Norway,[3][8] and potential traces have been found in coastal lakes of Norway. No evidence of the tsunami has been found in Scotland or the Orkney Islands, which would be shielded by the Shetland Islands from a tsunami that originated at the Norwegian continental slope.[9] Landscape changes in the Orkney Islands that occurred 5,500 years ago may be a consequence either of the tsunami or of a period of increased storm activity at that time.[10]
Origin
editThe Garth tsunami may have been generated by an earthquake, an underwater landslide, or a meteorite impact.[3] A landslide within the backwall of the Storegga Slide that took place 5,700 years ago and the 900 cubic kilometres (220 cu mi) Trænadjupet slide farther north that took place 4,400 years ago, are candidate landslides,[11] while the Afen landslide in the Faroe–Shetland Channel is probably too small,[3] although it cannot be ruled out.[9]
Impact on humans
editThere is evidence that the Garth tsunami affected communities in the North Atlantic, resulting in significant death tolls.[12] Approximately 5,000–5,500 years ago chambered cairns were built in the Orkney Islands.[13] While the results from radiocarbon dating are uncertain, they imply that these tombs may have been constructed to hold the bodies of a mass fatality event.[14] It is possible that these tombs were constructed for the victims of the Garth tsunami.[15] Some mass burials at Sumburgh in the Shetland Islands may also be mass graves for tsunami victims.[7] Historically, large tsunamis such as the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami killed thousands of people, leading to the construction of mass graves for the fatalities.[16] The sudden abandonment of a Stone Age settlement at Hamre, Norway 5,500 years ago and the presence of an overwash deposit is also potentially linked to the Garth tsunami.[17] Evidence of any tsunami impact on Norway is considered questionable.[18]
References
edit- ^ Nielsen 2020, p. 1.
- ^ a b Cain, Goff & McFadgen 2019, p. 732.
- ^ a b c d Bondevik et al. 2005, p. 1773.
- ^ Hall, A. M.; Hansom, J. D.; Williams, D. M.; Jarvis, J. (7 November 2006). "Distribution, geomorphology and lithofacies of cliff-top storm deposits: Examples from the high-energy coasts of Scotland and Ireland". Marine Geology. 232 (3): 148. Bibcode:2006MGeol.232..131H. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2006.06.008. ISSN 0025-3227.
- ^ Smith, David E.; Barlow, Natasha L. M.; Bradley, Sarah L.; Firth, Callum R.; Hall, Adrian M.; Jordan, Jason T.; Long, David (2018). "Quaternary sea level change in Scotland" (PDF). Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 110 (1–2): 31. doi:10.1017/S1755691017000469. ISSN 1755-6910. S2CID 133877846.
- ^ Bondevik et al. 2005, p. 1765.
- ^ a b Cain, Goff & McFadgen 2019, p. 745.
- ^ Nielsen 2020, p. 2.
- ^ a b Cain, Goff & McFadgen 2019, p. 733.
- ^ Cain, Goff & McFadgen 2019, p. 743.
- ^ Bondevik et al. 2005, p. 1772.
- ^ Cain, Goff & McFadgen 2019, p. 714.
- ^ Cain, Goff & McFadgen 2019, p. 734.
- ^ Cain, Goff & McFadgen 2019, p. 735.
- ^ Cain, Goff & McFadgen 2019, p. 740.
- ^ Cain, Goff & McFadgen 2019, p. 717.
- ^ Romundset, Anders; Fredin, Ola; Høgaas, Fredrik (April 2015). "A Holocene sea-level curve and revised isobase map based on isolation basins from near the southern tip of Norway". Boreas. 44 (2): 398. Bibcode:2015Borea..44..383R. doi:10.1111/bor.12105. S2CID 128693856.
- ^ Nielsen 2020, p. 12.
Sources
edit- Bondevik, Stein; Mangerud, Jan; Dawson, Sue; Dawson, Alastair; Lohne, Øystein (1 August 2005). "Evidence for three North Sea tsunamis at the Shetland Islands between 8000 and 1500 years ago". Quaternary Science Reviews. 24 (14): 1757–1775. Bibcode:2005QSRv...24.1757B. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.018. hdl:1956/735. ISSN 0277-3791.
- Cain, Genevieve; Goff, James; McFadgen, Bruce (1 June 2019). "Prehistoric Coastal Mass Burials: Did Death Come in Waves?". Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 26 (2): 714–754. doi:10.1007/s10816-018-9386-y. ISSN 1573-7764.
- Nielsen, Svein Vatsvåg (1 October 2020). "Wave? What wave? Testing for impact of the Garth tsunami (3500 BCE) on Neolithic coastal settlements in Western Norway". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 33: 102464. Bibcode:2020JArSR..33j2464N. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102464. ISSN 2352-409X. S2CID 224983002.
