The Galik script (Mongolian: Али-гали үсэг, Ali-gali üseg) is an extension to the traditional Mongolian script. It was created in 1587 by the translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh (Mongolian: Аюуш гүүш), inspired by the third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso. He added extra characters for transcribing Tibetan and Sanskrit terms when translating religious texts, and later also from Chinese. Some of those characters are still in use today for writing foreign names.[1]

Galik
Ali Gali
Script type
CreatorAyuush Güüsh
Time period
16th century
LanguagesMongolian, Tibetan, Sanskrit
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Clear script
Vagindra script
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Twenty-One Hymns to the Rescuer Mother of Buddhas in four scripts: Tibetan, Manchu, Galik Mongolian, and Chinese

Some authors (particularly historic ones like Isaac Taylor in his The Alphabet: an account of the origin and development of letters, 1883) don't distinguish between the Galik and standard Mongolian alphabets.

To ensure that most text in the script displays correctly in your browser, the text sample below should resemble its image counterpart. Additional notes on the affected characters and their desired components are provided in the tables further down. For relevant terminology, see Mongolian script § Components.

Reference image Browser-rendered text Romanization
ᠾᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ

Letters

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The order of the letters corresponds to the alphabetic order of Sanskrit.[2]: 28 

Vowels[3]: 61–63, 241–243 [2]: 26–28 [4]: 233 [1]: 37 
Mongol­ian Deva­nagari script IAST Tibetan script Wylie (EWTS)[note 1]
ᠠ᠋ a a a
ᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ a‑a
[note 2]
/ ā ཨཱ A
i / ि i ཨི i
ᠢᠢ ii / ī ཨཱི I
ᠦ᠋ / u ཨུ u
ᠤᠦ / ū ཨཱུ U
ᠷᠢ ri / རྀ r-i
ᠷᠢᠢ rii / རཱྀ r-I
ᠯᠢ li / ལྀ l-i
ᠯᠢᠢ lii / ལཱྀ l-I
ē / e ཨེ e
ᠧᠧ ēē / ai ཨཻ ai
ᠣᠸᠠ / o ཨོ o
ᠣᠸᠸᠠ
[note 3]
/ au ཨཽ au
ᢀ᠋ᠠ᠋ अं am / aṃ / ཨཾ a / aM
ᠠ᠋ᢁ अः aẖ / aḥ / ཨཿ a / aH
Consonants[3]: 64–69, 189–194, 244–255 [2]: 26–28 [4]: 234–239 [1]: 37 
Mongol­ian[note 4] Deva­nagari IAST Tibetan Wylie (EWTS)
ᢉᠠ ka ka
ᢉᠠ/ᠻᠠ kha kha
ᠺᠠ ga ga
ᠺᠾᠠ᠋ gha གྷ g+ha
ᠡᠭᠡ/ᢊᠠ᠋/ᢊᢇ ṅa nga
ᡔᠠ᠋/ᠴᠠ᠋ ca
ᡓᠠ᠋/ᢋᠠ᠋/ᢖᠠ᠋/ᠽᠠ᠋ ca tsa
ᠴᠠ᠋ cha
ᠼᠠ᠋ cha tsha
ᡔᠠ᠋/ᢋᠠ᠋ ja
ᢋᠠ᠋~ ᢖᠠ᠋?/ᠽᠠ᠋ ja dza
ᢋᠾᠠ᠋~ᢖᠾᠠ᠋?/ᠽᠾᠠ᠋ jha ཛྷ dz+ha
ᡛᠠ᠋ ña nya
ᢌᠠ᠋ ṭa Ta
ᡂᠠ᠋/ᢍᠠ᠋ ṭha Tha
ᢎᠠ᠋ ḍa Da
ᢎᠾᠠ᠋ ḍha ཌྷ D+ha
ᢏᠠ᠋ ṇa Na
ᠳ᠋ᠠ᠋/ᢐᠠ᠋ ta ta
ᠲᠠ᠋ tha tha
ᠳ᠋ᠠ᠋/ᢑᠠ᠋ da da
ᠳ᠋ᠾᠠ᠋/ᢑᠾᠠ᠋ dha དྷ d+ha
ᠨ᠋ᠠ᠋/ᠨᠠ᠋ na na
ᢒᠠ pa pa
ᠪᠠ/ᠹᠠ/ᢓᠠ pha pha
ᠪᠠ ba ba
ᠪᠾᠠ᠋ bha བྷ b+ha
ᠮᠠ᠋ ma ma
ᠶ᠋ᠠ᠋/ᠶᠠ᠋ ya ya
ᠷᠠ᠋ ra ra
ᠯᠠ᠋ la la
ᡀᠠ᠋ ལྷ lha
ᠸᠠ᠋ va wa
ᢕᠠ᠋ zha
ᠰ᠋ᠠ᠋/ᠱᠠ᠋ śa sha
ᢔᠠ᠋ ṣa Sha
ᠰᠠ᠋ sa sa
ᠾᠠ᠋ ha ha
ᢖᠠ᠋?/ᢋᠠ᠋~ ᢖᠠ᠋? za
ᢗᠠ᠋ 'a
ᢉᢔᠠ᠋ क्ष kṣa ཀྵ k+Sha

Symbols & diacritics

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Symbols & diacritics[3]: 63, 131, 133, 135 
Form(s) Name Examples
Mongolian Tibetan equivalent
Anusvara One ᢀᠠ᠋ ཨྃ
ᢀ᠋
Visarga One ᠠ᠋ᢁ ཨཿ
ᢁ᠋
Damaru ᢂᠻᠠ ྈྑ
Ubadama ᢃᠹᠠ ྌྥ
ᢄᠹᠠ ྉྥ
Baluda ᢉᢅᠣᠸᠸᠠ[note 5] ཀཽ྅
Three Baluda ᢉᢆᠣᠸᠸᠠ[note 6] ཀཽ྅྅྅

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The Extended Wylie Transliteration Scheme – the Tibetan and Himalayan Library
  2. ^ For correct rendering, this should appear as a short tooth (ᠡ‍) + one connected, and one separated left-pointing tail (both  ).
  3. ^ For correct rendering, this should appear as a short tooth (ᠡ‍) + loop (‍ᠤ‍) + two long teeth with downturns (‍ᠧ‍) + a final with right-pointing tail (‍ᠡ).
  4. ^ For correct rendering, all these final a's should appear as connected and left-pointing tails ( ). A's directly preceded by any of the bow-shaped letters k, kh, g, p, ph, and b should also include a tooth in between.
  5. ^ For correct rendering, this should appear as a right-side diacritic.
  6. ^ For correct rendering, this should appear as a right-side diacritic.

References

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  1. ^ a b c Chuluunbaatar, Otgonbayar (2008). Einführung in die mongolischen Schriften (in German). Buske. ISBN 978-3-87548-500-4.
  2. ^ a b c Poppe, Nicholas (1974). Grammar of Written Mongolian. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-00684-2.
  3. ^ a b c "BabelStone : Mongolian and Manchu Resources". BabelStone (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-07-10.
  4. ^ a b Shagdarsürüng, Tseveliin (2001). "Study of Mongolian Scripts (Graphic Study or Grammatology). Enl". Bibliotheca Mongolica: Monograph 1.