Wikipedia

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a procedure that is used to treat sinusitis and other conditions that affect the sinuses. Sinusitis is an inflammation of the sinuses that can cause symptoms such as congestion, headaches, and difficulty breathing through the nose.

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Large nasal polyp (round mass, center), which is commonly treated and removed by FESS
ICD-9-CM22.11

FESS is a minimally invasive procedure that is performed using an endoscope, a thin, rigid tube with a camera on the end. The endoscope is inserted through the nostrils, allowing the surgeon to visualize the inside of the nasal passages and sinuses. The surgeon can then remove any tissue or obstruction that is blocking the sinuses, such as swollen or infected tissue.

FESS is generally considered to be a safe and effective treatment for sinusitis and other conditions that affect the sinuses. It can help to alleviate symptoms and improve the overall functioning of the sinuses. However, as with any medical procedure, there are potential risks and complications that should be discussed with a healthcare provider.

History

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The first recorded instance of endoscopy being used to visualize the nasal passage took place in Berlin in 1901.[1] Alfred Hirschmann, a designer and maker of medical instruments, modified a cystoscope for use in the nasal cavity. In October 1903, Hirschmann published "Endoscopy of the nose and its accessory sinuses."[2] In 1910, M. Reichart performed the first endoscopic sinus surgery using a 7 mm endoscope.

In 1925, Maxwell Maltz created the term "sinuscopy," referring to the endoscopic method of visualizing the sinuses. Maltz also encouraged the use of endoscopes as a diagnostic tool for nasal and sinus abnormalities.[1]

 
Heinz Stammberger at the end of course at Tarabichi Stammberger Ear and Sinus Institute two months before he died.
 
Professor Stammberger teaching at the Tarabichi Stammberger Ear and Sinus Institute

In the 1960s, Harold Hopkins, then a PhD at the University of Reading, used his background in physics to develop an endoscope that provided more light and had drastically better resolution than previous endoscopes. Hopkins' rod optic system is widely credited with being a turning point for nasal endoscopy.[1] Utilizing Hopkins' rod optic system, Walter Messenklinger visualized, recorded, and mapped the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses and the lateral nasal walls - specifically, the mucociliary routes - in cadavers.[3] In 1978, Messerklinger published the book titled "Endoscopy of the Nose" on his findings, and his proposed methods to utilize nasal endoscopy for diagnosis.[4]

Heinz Stammberger,[5] a head and neck surgeon who worked at the University of Graz with Messerklinger was captivated by the technique and the implications for pathophysiology and treatment of sinus disease. He adopted the technique and became identified with it. He traveled the world advocating and popularizing the technique and he carried out multiple courses both at University of Graz and around the world. He later met David Kennedy, a physician at Johns Hopkins University, and together, they worked with the surgical instrument maker Karl Storz to develop instruments for use in endoscopic sinus surgery, and coined the term Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery.[3] Stammberger and Kennedy published multiple papers on FESS use and technique, and in 1985 the first North American course on FESS was taught at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore.[1] Stammberger, the chair of otolaryngology at University of Graz, and Kennedy, refined the techniques and provided hands-on courses on the techniques throughout the world. Stammberger retired from his position as the chair of the department in Graz and moved to Dubai, where he worked with Muaaz Tarabichi, also known as "the father of endoscopic ear surgery", to establish the Tarabichi Stammberger Ear and Sinus Institute (TSESI), a center dedicated to the advancement of endoscopic ear and sinus surgery.[6] Stammberger died in 2018.[5] There was a rise in the overall number of endoscopic sinus surgery procedures performed between 2010 - 2019 in the UK which coincided with a reduction in the number of open procedures performed over the same period.[7]

Medical applications

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Functional endoscopic sinus surgery is most commonly used to treat chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS),[8] only after all non-surgical treatment options such as antibiotics, topical nasal corticosteroids, and nasal lavage with saline solutions[9] have been exhausted. CRS is an inflammatory condition in which the nose and at least one sinus become swollen and interfere with mucus drainage.[9] It can be caused by anatomical factors such as a deviated septum or nasal polyps (growths), as well as infection. Symptoms include difficulty breathing through the nose, swelling and pain around the nose and eyes, postnasal drainage down the throat, and difficulty sleeping.[10] CRS is a common condition in children and young adults.[11]

The purpose of FESS in treatment of CRS is to remove any anatomical obstructions that prevent proper mucosal drainage. A standard FESS includes removal of the uncinate process, and opening of the ethmoid air cells and Haller cells[12] as well as the maxillary ostium, if necessary. If any nasal polyps obstructing ventilation or drainage are present, they are also removed.[8] In the case of paranasal sinus/nasal cavity tumors (benign or cancerous), an otolaryngologist can perform FESS to remove the growths, sometimes with the help of a neurosurgeon, depending on the extent of the tumor. In some cases, a graft of bone or skin is placed by FESS to repair damages by the tumor.[13]

In the thyroid disorder known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, inflammation and fat accumulation in the orbitonasal region cause severe proptosis.[14] In cases that have not responded to corticosteroid treatment, FESS can be used to decompress the orbital region by removing the ethmoid air cells and lamina papyracea. Bones of the orbital cavity or portions of the orbital floor may also be removed.[1][citation needed]

The endoscopic approach to FESS is a less invasive method than open sinus surgery, which allows patients to be more comfortable during and after the procedure. Entering the surgical field via the nose, rather than through an incision in the mouth as in the previous Caldwell-Luc method, decreases risk of damaging nerves which innervate the teeth.[8] Because of its less-invasive nature, FESS is a common option for children with CRS or other sinonasal complications.

It has been suggested that one of the main objectives in FESS surgery is to allow for the introduction of local therapeutic agents (such as steroids) to the sinuses. Research has shown that a special modification of the nozzle of the nasal spray in patients who had FESS allows for better delivery of local therapeutic agents into the ethmoid sinuses.[15]

Outcomes and complications

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Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery is considered a success if most of the symptoms, including nasal obstruction, sleep quality, olfaction and facial pain, are resolved after a 1-2 month postoperative healing period.[8][16][17] Reviews of FESS as a method for treating chronic rhinosinusitis have shown that a majority of patients report increased quality of life after undergoing surgery.[18][16] The success rate of FESS in treating adults with CRS has been reported as 80-90%,[19] and the success rate in treating children with CRS has been reported as 86-97%.[11]

The most common complication of FESS is cerebrospinal fluid leak (CSFL), which has been observed in about 0.2% of patients. Generally, CSFL arises during surgery and can be repaired with no additional related complications postoperatively. Other risks of surgery include infection, bleeding, double vision usually lasting a few hours, numbness of the front teeth, orbital hematoma, decreased sense of smell, and blindness.[20][21] The medial rectus muscle may be damaged.[22] Blindness is the single most serious complication of FESS, and results from damage to the optic nerve during surgery. Serious complications such as blindness occur in only 0.44% of cases, as determined by a study performed in the United Kingdom.[8]

A Cochrane review in 2006 based on three randomized control trials concluded that FESS has not been shown to provide significantly better results than medical treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis.[23] Another Cochrane review looked at postoperative care of patients after FESS using debridement (removal of blood clots, crusts, and secretions from the nasal and sinus cavities under local anaesthetic), but the evidence from the available clinical trials was uncertain. The debridement procedure after FESS may make little or no difference to health‐related quality of life or disease severity. There may be a lower risk of adhesions but whether this has any impact on long‐term outcomes is unknown.[24]

Functional sinus surgery had been grossly overutilized as a way of treating headache based on an assumption of a sinus etiology of the different types of primary headache. Many patients, primary care providers, and even specialists confuse any frontal migraine for sinus disease. Multiple attempts at further definition of primary headache and or sinus headache has been suggested by the International Headache Society and the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.[25] It has been suggested early on that such a confusion might be a cause of failure of functional endoscopic sinus surgery.[26]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Tajudeen BA, Kennedy DW (June 2017). "Thirty years of endoscopic sinus surgery: What have we learned?". World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 3 (2): 115–121. doi:10.1016/j.wjorl.2016.12.001. PMC 5683659. PMID 29204590.
  2. ^ Hirschmann A (October 1903). "Endoscopy of the nose and its accessory sinuses". The Laryngoscope. 13 (10): 810. doi:10.1288/00005537-190310000-00015.
  3. ^ a b Kane KJ (17 January 2018). "The early history and development of endoscopic sinonasal surgery in Australia: 1985–2005". Australian Journal of Otolaryngology. 1 (1): 7. doi:10.21037/ajo.2018.01.08.
  4. ^ Walter M (1978). Endoscopy of the nose. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg. ISBN 0806712112. OCLC 3447558.
  5. ^ a b "Professor Heinz Stammberger (1946-2018): The Father of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery". ENT & Audiology News. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  6. ^ "Shifting paradigms – how a visionary can change a specialty". ENT & Audiology News. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  7. ^ Gupta KK, Jolly K, Bhamra N, Osborne MS, Ahmed SK (July 2021). "The evolution of sinus surgery in England in the last decade - An observational study". World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 7 (3): 240–246. doi:10.1016/j.wjorl.2020.10.002. ISSN 2589-1081. PMC 8356113. PMID 34430832.
  8. ^ a b c d e Slack R, Bates G (September 1998). "Functional endoscopic sinus surgery". American Family Physician. 58 (3): 707–18. PMID 9750539.
  9. ^ a b Cazzavillan A, Castelnuovo P, Berlucchi M, Baiardini I, Franzetti A, Nicolai P, et al. (August 2012). "Management of chronic rhinosinusitis". Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 23 (Suppl 22): 32–44. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2012.01322.x. PMID 22762852. S2CID 8635561.
  10. ^ "Chronic sinusitis - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  11. ^ a b Makary CA, Ramadan HH (June 2013). "The role of sinus surgery in children". The Laryngoscope. 123 (6): 1348–52. doi:10.1002/lary.23961. PMID 23361382. S2CID 7977026.
  12. ^ Levine CG, Casiano RR (February 2017). "Revision Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery". Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 50 (1): 143–164. doi:10.1016/j.otc.2016.08.012. PMID 27888911.
  13. ^ "Treatment of Sinus Tumors". care.american-rhinologic.org. Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  14. ^ Cury SS, Oliveira M, Síbio MT, Clara S, Luvizotto RA, Conde S, et al. (May 2018). "Graves' ophthalmopathy: low-dose dexamethasone reduces retinoic acid receptor-alpha gene expression in orbital fibroblasts". Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 62 (AHEAD): 366–369. doi:10.20945/2359-3997000000044. PMC 10118777. PMID 29791662.
  15. ^ Kapadia M, Grullo PE, Tarabichi M (August 2019). "Comparison of short nozzle and long nozzle spray in sinonasal drug delivery: a cadaveric study". Ear, Nose & Throat Journal. 98 (7): E97–E103. doi:10.1177/0145561319846830. ISSN 0145-5613. PMID 31064245.
  16. ^ a b Prasad S, Fong E, Ooi EH (July 2017). "Systematic review of patient-reported outcomes after revision endoscopic sinus surgery". American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy. 31 (4): 248–255. doi:10.2500/ajra.2017.31.4446. PMID 28716176. S2CID 4972917.
  17. ^ Sukato DC, Abramowitz JM, Boruk M, Goldstein NA, Rosenfeld RM (February 2018). "Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Improves Sleep Quality in Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 158 (2): 249–256. doi:10.1177/0194599817737977. PMID 29065273. S2CID 23002331.
  18. ^ Soler ZM, Jones R, Le P, Rudmik L, Mattos JL, Nguyen SA, et al. (March 2018). "Sino-Nasal outcome test-22 outcomes after sinus surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis". The Laryngoscope. 128 (3): 581–592. doi:10.1002/lary.27008. PMC 5814358. PMID 29164622.
  19. ^ Stammberger H, Posawetz W (1990). "Functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Concept, indications and results of the Messerklinger technique". European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 247 (2): 63–76. doi:10.1007/bf00183169. PMID 2180446. S2CID 33308615.
  20. ^ "Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery". UNC Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  21. ^ "Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery - Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery". Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery. McGovern Medical School. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  22. ^ Huang CM, Meyer DR, Patrinely JR, Soparkar CN, Dailey RA, Maus M, et al. (January 2003). "Medial Rectus Muscle Injuries Associated With Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Characterization and Management". Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 19 (1): 25–37. doi:10.1097/00002341-200301000-00004. ISSN 0740-9303. PMID 12544790. S2CID 43492945.
  23. ^ Khalil HS, Nunez DA (July 2006). "Functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD004458. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004458.pub2. PMID 16856048. S2CID 27570565.
  24. ^ Tzelnick S, Alkan U, Leshno M, Hwang P, Soudry E, et al. (Cochrane ENT Group) (November 2018). "Sinonasal debridement versus no debridement for the postoperative care of patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018 (11): CD011988. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011988.pub2. PMC 6517168. PMID 30407624.
  25. ^ Levine H, Setzen M, Cady R, Dodick D, Schreiber C, Eross E, et al. (March 2006). "An Otolaryngology, Neurology, Allergy, and Primary Care Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Sinus Headache". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 134 (3): 516–523. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2005.11.024. PMID 16500456. S2CID 30982315.
  26. ^ Tarabichi M (June 2000). "Characteristics of sinus-related pain☆". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 122 (6): 842–847. doi:10.1016/S0194-5998(00)70011-8. PMID 10828796.
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