Friedrich Bernhard Karl Gustav Ulrich Erich Graf von der Schulenburg (21 November 1865 - 19 May 1939) was a Prussian General during World War I and a member of the Nazi Party during the inter-war period.
Friedrich Graf von der Schulenburg | |
|---|---|
| Born | 21 November 1865 Bobitz, Mecklenburg, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Died | 19 May 1939 (aged 73) Nazi Germany |
| Allegiance |  Kingdom of Prussia German Empire Weimar Republic Nazi Germany |
| Service | Army |
| Years of service | 1888–1919 |
| Rank | Generalmajor SS-Obergruppenführer |
| Commands | Garde du Corps Chief of Staff Guards Corps Chief of Staff 5th Army Chief of Staff 6th Army Chief of Staff Army Group German Crown Prince |
| Battles / wars | World War I |
| Awards | Pour le Mérite with oak leaves |
| Spouse(s) | Freda-Marie Gräfin von Arnim |
| Children | Fritz-Dietlof von der Schulenburg |
Life
editFriedrich Graf von der Schulenburg was born on 21 November 1865 as the second son of Count Werner von der Schulenburg (1832-1880) and his wife, Countess Marie Cäcilie von Maltzahn (1843-1900).[1] Schulenburg entered the army in 1888 as part of the 2nd Guards Uhlans. On 13 December 1888, Schulenburg was appointed Second Lieutenant. In 1890, Schulenburg was attached to the Life Guards. He spent time in the Prussian Staff College. In 1895, Schulenburg became Premier Lieutenant. In 1900, Schulenburg joined the German General Staff. He was considered a capable general staff officer. In 1900, Schulenburg became Hauptmann. From 1902 to 1906 he was part of the military attaches in London. In 1907, Schulenburg was promoted to Major. On 18 February 1913, Schulenburg became the commander of the Life Guards and Aide-de-camp of Wilhelm II. On 2 September 1913, Schulenburg was promoted to Oberstlieutenant.[2]
At the outbreak of World War I, Schulenburg became the Chief of Staff of the Guards Corps commanded by Karl von Plettenberg. Schulenburg participated on the Western Front as part of the Guard Corps, which is part of the 2nd Army. In 1915, Schulenburg became Oberst. In 1916, Schulenburg became the Chief of Staff of the 5th Army replacing Konstantin Schmidt von Knobelsdorf, who held extremist political views. For a while, Schulenburg was the Chief of Staff of the 6th Army of Ludwig von Falkenhausen.[3] In October 1916, he joined Crown Prince Wilhelm as Chief of Staff at the headquarters of the Army Group German Crown Prince. The two developed Operation Alberich which gave Germany some hope of winning the war.[1] On 12 April 1917, Schulenburg received the Pour le Mérite. He added oak leaves on 23 March 1918. In June 1918, Schulenburg became General Major. Schulenburg advised Wilhelm II to abdicate his title of German Emperor but keep the title of King of Prussia. He also advised Wilhelm II to order the army to fight against the revolutionary forces.[1]
After the war, Schulenburg retired from the army in May 1919. He lived in his estate, Mecklenburg. Schulenburg later joined the Nazi Party. From 1924 to 1928, he was a member of the Reichstag. He still remained friendly with Wilhelm, German Crown Prince and had some profound political conversation.[4] In December 1931, Schulenburg joined the Nazi Party. His number was 852,947. In 1933, Schulenburg joined Sturmabteilung. After the Weimar Republic fell, Schulenburg was a member of Reichstag again.[5] Since he had a good relationship with Kurt von Schleicher, he advised Hitler as liaison to the Reichswehr but he was not effective. From 1934 to 1936, Schulenburg was part of the Sturmabteilung as a staff officer. He also served as a member of the Reichstag from 1934 until his death.[2] Before his death, Schulenburg was promoted to Obergruppenführer.[6] He died on 19 May 1939. Adolf Hitler attended his funeral to meet with Fritz-Dietlof von der Schulenburg, Schulenburg's son, who later joined the resistance.[1]
Family
editOn 21 July 1897, Schulenburg married Freda-Marie Gräfin von Arnim (1873-1939). They had 6 children:
- Johann Albrecht (1898–1944)
- Wolf-Werner (1899–1944), SA-Brigadeführer
- Adolf-Heinrich (1901-1940) SA-Obersturmführer
- Fritz-Dietlof (1902-1944)
- Elisabeth (1903–2001)
- Wilhelm (1904–1936)
Awards and decorations
edit- Kingdom of Prussia: Order Pour le Mérite with Oakleaves
- Pour le Mérite (24 July 1917)
- Oakleaves (23 March 1918)
- Kingdom of Prussia: Order of the Red Eagle
- Kingdom of Prussia: Order of the Crown, 3rd Class[8]
- Kingdom of Prussia: Royal House Order of Hohenzollern
- Knight's Cross with Swords (5 June 1915)
- Commander's Cross with Swords (gazetted on 12 January 1918)[9]
- Kingdom of Prussia: Order of Saint John, Knight of Justice (Rechtsritter) [10]
- Kingdom of Prussia: Iron Cross (1914) 1st and 2nd Class
- Kingdom of Prussia: Service Decoration Cross for 25 Years' Service[8]
- Kingdom of Prussia: Centenary Medal
- Hohenzollern Principalities: Princely House Order of Hohenzollern, Honor Cross 2nd Class with Swords (9 October 1914)[10][11]
- Grand Duchy of Baden: Order of the Zähringer Lion, Commander's Cross 2nd Class with Swords (10 January 1918)[12]
- Kingdom of Bavaria: Military Merit Order, 3rd Class with Crown and Swords (30 October 1914)[13]
- Kingdom of Bavaria: Military Merit Order, 3rd Class[8]
- Duchy of Brunswick: Order of Henry the Lion, Knight's Cross 2nd Class[8]
- Principality of Lippe: War Merit Cross
- Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin: House Order of the Wendish Crown, Knight's Cross[8]
- Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin: Order of the Griffon, Knight's Cross[8]
- Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin: Military Merit Cross, 1st and 2nd Class[10]
- Grand Duchy of Oldenburg: House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis, Honor Knight's Cross 2nd Class with the Silver Crown[8]
- Kingdom of Saxony: Albert Order, Knight's Cross 1st Class[8]
- Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Order of the White Falcon, Knight's Cross 2nd Class[8]
- Saxon Duchies: Ducal Saxe-Ernestine House Order, Commander's Cross 1st Class [8]
- Austria-Hungary: Military Merit Cross, 3rd Class with War Decoration
- Kingdom of Belgium: Order of Leopold II, Commander[8]
- Kingdom of Denmark: Order of the Dannebrog, Knight [8]
- Republic of France: Legion of Honor, Officer [8]
- Kingdom of Greece: Order of the Redeemer, Commander[8]
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Royal Victorian Order, Commander[8]
- Kingdom of Italy: Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, Officer [8]
- Kingdom of Romania: Order of the Crown of Romania, Knight [8]
- Kingdom of Sweden: Order of the Sword, Knight [8]
- Kingdom of Thailand: Order of the White Elephant, Officer [8]
- Nazi Germany: Golden Party Badge of the NSDAP (1 April 1938)[14]
Notes
edit- ^ According to Prussian regulations, when a class of the Order of the Red Eagle was awarded with the royal crown, it continued to be worn even when a higher class of the order was awarded.
References
edit- ^ a b c d "Friedrich Graf von der Schulenburg". prussianmachine.com. Retrieved 2022-01-08.
- ^ a b Biographie, Deutsche. "Schulenburg, Friedrich Graf von der - Deutsche Biographie". www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved 2022-01-08.
- ^ von Dellmensingen, Konrad Krafft (1930). Das Bayernbuch vom Weltkriege. p. 192.
- ^ Stresemann, Gustav (1975). Das Reich zerfiel, die Reichen blieben. Deutschlands Geld- und Machtelite (in German). Munich. p. 139.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Ernst, Klee (2005). Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. p. 565. ISBN 3-596-16048-0.
- ^ Bergien, Rüdiger (2015-03-10). Die bellizistische Republik: Wehrkonsens und "Wehrhaftmachung" in Deutschland 1918-1933 (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 146. ISBN 978-3-486-70549-2.
- ^ Militär-Wochenblatt, 1918
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Prussian War Ministry: Rangliste der Königlich Preußischen Armee und des XIII. (Königlich Württembergischen) Armeekorps für 1914, E.S. Mittler & Sohn, Berlin, 1914, p. 353.
- ^ Militär-Wochenblatt, 1918
- ^ a b c Prussian Ministry of State: Handbuch über den Königlich Preußischen Hof und Staat für das Jahr 1918, E.S. Mittler & Sohn, Berlin, 1918, p. 38
- ^ Richard Lundström & Daniel Krause: Verleihungen des Fürstlichen Hausordens von Hohenzollern mit Schwertern und der Goldene Ehrenmedaille mit Schwertern 1914-1947, Phaleristischer Verlag Michael Autengruber, Konstanz am Bodensee, 2008, p.11
- ^ Erhard Roth: Verleihungen von militärischen Orden und Ehrenzeichen des Großherzogtums Baden im Ersten Weltkrieg 1914-1918, Phaleristischer Verlag Michael Autengruber, Offenbach am Main, 1997, p. 38
- ^ Erhard Roth: Verleihungen von militärischen Orden und Ehrenzeichen des Königreichs Bayern im Ersten Weltkrieg 1914-1918, Phaleristischer Verlag Michael Autengruber, Offenbach am Main, 1997, p. 37
- ^ Klaus D. Patzwall: Das Goldene Parteiabzeichen und seine Verleihungen ehrenhalber 1934–1944. Studien der Geschichte der Auszeichnungen, Volume 4, Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall, Norderstedt 2004, ISBN 3-931533-50-6, p. 86.