Fraunhofer FDK AAC is an open-source[5] library for encoding and decoding digital audio in the Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) format. Fraunhofer IIS developed this library for Android 4.1.[6][7] It supports several Audio Object Types including MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 AAC LC, HE-AAC (AAC LC + SBR), HE-AACv2 (LC + SBR + PS) as well AAC-LD (low delay) and AAC-ELD (enhanced low delay) for real-time communication. The encoding library supports sample rates up to 96 kHz and up to eight channels (7.1 surround).[8]
| Developer(s) | Fraunhofer IIS |
|---|---|
| Initial release | 9 July 2012 |
| Stable release(s) | |
| Repository | |
| Written in | C++, C |
| Operating system | Android |
| Available in | English |
| Type | Codec |
| License | "Fraunhofer FDK AAC license" (a free software license without a patent grant)[3][4] |
| Website | www |
Operation
editThe Android-targeted implementation of the Fraunhofer AAC encoder uses fixed-point math and is optimized for encoding on embedded devices/mobile phones. The library is currently limited to 16-bit PCM input. Other versions of the Fraunhofer encoder, like the one included in Winamp, are optimized for encoding music on desktop-class processors. Those versions of the encoder, however, are not open-source and require a commercial license.[9] Version 2 of the library, introduced with Android P, also includes support for xHE-AAC[10] and AAC-ELD v2.[11][12] xHE-AAC extends the operating range of the codec from 12 to 300 kb/s for stereo signals and allows seamless switching between bitrates over this range for adaptive bitrate delivery (using standards such as MPEG-DASH or HLS for example).[12] xHE-AAC also includes MPEG-D DRC mandatory loudness control to playback content at a consistent volume and offers new dynamic range control profiles for listening in noisy situations.[12]
The FDK AAC encoder employs a more aggressive default low-pass filter than is used in other codecs. Higher frequencies are removed so that more bits are available to better describe sounds of lower frequencies, improving the overall quality for most combinations of recordings and listeners. In some, not completely rare, combinations the missing high frequencies are noticeable. The library allows overriding the low-pass filter setting, and in the highest VBR mode effectively applies no filter at all.[13][unreliable source]
A cross-platform source distribution is maintained by Martin Storsjö as part of the opencore-amr project under the name fdk-aac.[14] The code compiles into a shared library, libfdk-aac. The media frameworks FFmpeg and Libav support audio encoding through libfdk-aac.[15][16]
| Profile name | MPEG-4 Objects involved | FDK | FDK 2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Low-Complexity (AAC-LC) | 2 | Yes | Yes |
| High-Efficiency (HE-AAC) | 2, 5 | Yes | Yes |
| High-Efficiency version 2 (HE-AAC) | 2, 5, 29 | Yes | Yes |
| Baseline USAC | 42 | ||
| Extended High-Efficiency (xHE-AAC) | 2, 5, 29, 42 | Decoding only | |
| Low-Delay (AAC-LD) | 23 | Yes | Yes |
| Enhanced Low-Delay (AAC-ELD) | 39 | Yes | Yes |
| Enhanced Low-Delay version 2 (AAC-ELDv2) | 44 | Yes |
Licensing
editThe license included by Fraunhofer in the FDK library source code[17][3] allows redistribution in source or binary forms, but does not license patented technologies described by the code. The license states that the library may only be used for purposes as authorized by patent licenses. Via Licensing administers a patent pool that includes patent licenses for the AAC codecs, including xHE-AAC and MPEG-D DRC.[18] The FDK license also states that "most manufacturers of Android devices already license these patent claims through Via Licensing or directly from the patent owners, and therefore FDK AAC Codec software may already be covered under those patent licenses when it is used for those licensed purposes only."[17] There is no license fee required for using an AAC codec such as FDK AAC,[19] only for manufacturing an "end-user" codec such as producing a phone loaded with AAC software.[20][21]
Debian considers the FDK AAC license non-free because it prohibits people from charging a fee for distributing the library, which runs counter to the "No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor" rule in Debian Free Software Guidelines.[22] The license was classified as free by Fedora after a review by the legal department at Red Hat,[23] though it's no longer classified as "allowed" due Fedora adopting a more defensive posture toward patents. However, Fedora states that this will not affect the fdk-aac-free package, which enables only the commonly used "Low Complexity AAC" profile, which is what most people use. The US patents on LC-AAC have expired.[24] The FSF also considers it to be free, though discourages its use due to the explicit lack of a patent grant.[4][25]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Current Version Information from Source Code (encoder library)". Retrieved 7 August 2018.
- ^ "Current Version Information from Source Code (decoder library)". Retrieved 7 August 2018.
- ^ a b "NOTICE file in Source Code". Retrieved 12 March 2019.
- ^ a b "Various Licenses and Comments about Them". Retrieved 10 November 2018.
- ^ "FDK Source Code". Retrieved 1 August 2014.
- ^ "PRESS RELEASE Google selects HE-AAC Multichannel from Fraunhofer IIS for Google Play Movies in Surround" (PDF). Fraunhofer IIS. July 24, 2013.
- ^ "Platforms". Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
- ^ "Fraunhofer FDK AAC Information". HydrogenAudio. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
- ^ "Fraunhofer Codec Availability". Retrieved 27 September 2014.
- ^ "xHE-AAC". Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
- ^ "AAC-ELD Family". Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
- ^ a b c "Fraunhofer's xHE-AAC Audio Codec Software Extends Native AAC Support In Android P For Better Quality At Low Bitrates". Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
- ^ HydrogenAudio Forum discussion on FDK AAC, some relevant posts regarding the low-pass filter: "Post #34"., "Post #89"., "Post #142".
- ^ "opencore-amr". SourceForge. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
- ^ "FFmpeg AAC Encoding Guide". Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- ^ "Libav documentation". libav.org. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
- ^ a b "NOTICE - platform/external/aac - Git at Google". android.googlesource.com. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
- ^ "Via Adds MPEG-D DRC To Advanced Audio Coding Patent Pool – ViaCorp". Retrieved 2020-07-11.
- ^ "AAC Licensing FAQ Q5". Via Licensing. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
- ^ "AAC License Fees". Via Licensing. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
- ^ Via Licensing Corporation (June 5, 2018). "AAC PATENT LICENSE AGREEMENT". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ^ "Debian discussion regarding the FDK license". Debian Bug Tracker. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
- ^ "Fedora fdk-aac package review". Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ "Licensing/FDK-AAC". Fedora Project Wiki. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ "Recent licensing updates". Retrieved 10 November 2018.
External links
edit- Information
- Official website
- Fraunhofer FDK AAC at Hydrogenaudio Knowledgebase
- Detailed information about the Fraunhofer FDK AAC encoder used in the EZ CD Audio Converter
- Via Licensing Advanced Audio Coding
- Implementations
- Official FDK source code repository at the Android Open Source Project
- fdk-aac at Debian Package Tracker
- "libfdk-aac" repo at GitHub — FDK AAC as a shared library
- "fdkaac" repo at GitHub.com – a cross-platform command-line encoding and metadata utility that employs the libfdk-aac shared library
- "fdk-aac-win32-builder repo" at GitHub – a script for compiling the two repos above. (The binaries cannot distributed because of the FDK AAC licensing.)