A fisheries subsidy is a government action that confers an advantage on consumers or extractors of fish in order to supplement their income or lower their cost. Fisheries subsidy are addressed in sustainable development goal 14 where target 14.6 works on prohibiting subsidies contributing to overcapacity and over fishing, unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from new such subsidies.[1]
Extent
editThe estimates on the global amounts of fisheries subsidies vary and range from US$15–35 billion annually.[2] The range of estimates is partially due to fact that fisheries subsidies come in many shapes and forms. Fisheries subsidies include direct transfers of funds, income or price support measures, tax credits, exemptions and rebates, low-interest loans and guarantees, preferential treatment and use of regulatory support mechanisms. Not all estimates include government funding for fisheries management, such data collection and control and enforcement, or the possible absence of access fees.
An open letter by almost 300 scientists found that as of 2021 harmful fisheries subsidies have increased globally and asks the WTO to eliminate such subsidies.[3][4] It did so in 2022, ordering countries to end subsidies for illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing; fishing in international waters; or fishing of overfished stocks.[5]
Impacts
editIt is acknowledged that some forms of fisheries subsidies can threaten the sustainability of fisheries resources by encouraging overfishing/overcapacity and excess fishing effort. Therefore, reducing the long-term viability of the fishing industries which are estimated to generate US$ 50 billion less per year than they could as a result of subsidies,[6] while others are considered beneficial, promoting conservations and sustainable fisheries management.[7] States committed at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) to eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing and overcapacity.[8] Also, parties to the World Trade Organization agreed to strengthen disciplines on fisheries subsidies, including through a prohibition of certain forms of fisheries subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing.[9]
Society and culture
editGlobal goals
editThe United Nations' framework for Sustainable Development Goals includes targets to end subsidies that contribute to overfishing within Goal 14, Life Below Water.[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "2019: The Year to End Harmful Fisheries Subsidies".
- ^ UNEP – United Nations Environmental Programme (2008) Fisheries Subsidies: A Critical Issue for Trade and Sustainable Development at the WTO: An Introductory Guide. UNEP, Geneva.
- ^ "Scientists join international push to ban harmful fisheries subsidies". University of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
- ^ Sumaila, U. Rashid; et al. (29 October 2021). "WTO must ban harmful fisheries subsidies" (PDF). Science. 374 (6567): 544. Bibcode:2021Sci...374..544S. doi:10.1126/science.abm1680. PMID 34709891. S2CID 240153044.
- ^ McVeigh, Karen (21 June 2022). "First WTO deal on fishing subsidies hailed as historic despite 'big holes'". The Guardian.
- ^ "Goal 14 targets". UNDP. Archived from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
- ^ Adam, David. "Majority of global fishing subsidies ‘harmful’, report finds." https://chinadialogueocean.net/11585-majority-of-global-fishing-subsidies-harmful-report-finds/#:~:text=In%20the%20most%20up%2Dto,went%20towards%20increasing%20catch%20capacity. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- ^ Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, paragraph 31(f).
- ^ WTO (2005) Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration, Annex D paragraph 9.
- ^ United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)
Further reading
edit- OECD (2006) Financial Support to Fisheries - Implications for Sustainable Development, Paris.
- Smart Investments – Promoting Sustainable Fishing Initiatives under the European Fisheries Fund, by Markus Knigge. Published in 2007 by the WWF – European Policy Office
- Sumaila, U.R., V. Lam, F. Le Manach, W. Swartz and D. Pauly (2016). Global fisheries subsidies: an updated estimate. Marine Policy, 69, 189-193.