Finnish bread

Finnish bread
	Five types of Finnish rye bread (top to bottom/left to right): limppu, reikäleipä, a loaf, commercial pre-halved rye bread, and hapankorppu
Type	Bread
Place of origin	Finland

Bread is a staple food of Finland. It is served with almost every meal and many different types are produced domestically.^{[citation needed]}

In the Swedish-speaking region of Åland, there are other varieties of bread, the majority of which owe much to Swedish cuisine.^{[citation needed]}

Rye bread

Sourdough starter mix, the base of most Finnish rye bread

Rye bread, known as ruisleipä, is a popular dark and sour bread in Finland, distinguishing itself from German rye breads by its less greasy and moist texture and differs from Swedish rye breads by not being sweet and lacking spices like caraway. Traditional Finnish rye breads, such as reikäleipä and limppu, were historically dried on poles beneath kitchen ceilings. They have become a national symbol, celebrated on February 28 as "rye bread day."

Limppu

Limppu

Traditional Eastern Finnish rye bread is called limppu. The closest translation to English would be "loaf" (although limppu is always round and bulbous, while rectangular loaves are available). This bread is dark, sour in taste, dense, heavy and comparatively dry. Its mouthfeel still remains soft enough to be bitten off easily, and leavening is easily discernible by eye. This kind of bread was usually produced at steady intervals throughout the year, whereas Western Finnish tradition stressed less frequent baking sessions combined with long-term storage.^{[citation needed]}

Limppu is common in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan due to high levels of Finnish immigration and may be found in many pubs and diners across the peninsula.^{[citation needed]}

Reikäleipä

Reikäleipä

Reikäleipä (lit. 'hole bread'), a traditional Western Finnish rye bread, is dried near the kitchen ceiling and preserved over the long winter. Nowadays reikäleipä is available in many forms and stages of aging throughout all of Finland, regardless of season.^[1]

Jälkiuunileipä

In western Finland, people used to bake a lot of bread at a time, but rarely. In the east, they used to bake less, but at least weekly.^[2] The old tradition was that all bread in the house for the year was baked over a few days, in a large oven that took a long time to cool. Jälkiuunileipä (lit. 'after-oven bread') could still be baked in the residual heat.^[3] The longer baking time in the lower temperature gives it a darker color, higher density and hardness than regular rye bread, comparable to a fruit cake. In addition to the traditional reikäleipä shape, there are also rectangular variations available.^[4]

Crispbread

Crispbread (näkkileipä) is leavened rye bread that is dried into a thin crisp. They are sometimes made using sourdough. Crispbread is very common throughout the Nordic countries and if stored properly will not spoil for a long time.^[5]^[6]^[7] A variant of crispbread is a thin sour rectangular crisp called hapankorppu. Rectangular crispbread is often associated with schools and other institutions, for example the Koulunäkki and Kunto brands.^{[citation needed]}

Wheat bread

Because traditionally wheat was not as abundant as rye or barley, wheat is mainly used for baking of pastry, scones, and pulla. Nowadays it is often combined with other types of flour to make Karelian pasties, meat pies, and other dishes.^{[citation needed]}

Vesirinkeli

Vesirinkeli

Vesirinkeli (lit. 'water ring') is a small ring of yeast leavened wheat bread which resembles a bagel. They are available in several different varieties.^{[citation needed]}

Other breads

Oat bread

Oat rolls and Kaurapala brand bread

In 2019, Finland produced 1.19 million tonnes of oats (kaura).^[8] They are the most commonly produced grain in Finland and bread based on oats is popular, although not as popular as rye breads. The most common use of oats in bread is in rolls, sometimes flat and pre-cut into two halves.^{[citation needed]}

Potato bread

The potato, although a late introduction to Finland, features heavily in the diet and has found its way into many kinds of breads. Usually dough made with potato will be very soft and the bread will be moister and fluffier than plain wheat or oat bread.^{[citation needed]}

Christmas bread

There are several varieties of Christmas breads. Most are made in a similar way to a basic limppu, however they typically include molasses and other Christmas time flavours like orange, cinnamon, fennel, aniseed and caraway.^{[citation needed]}

Korppu

Korppu is a dried, hard and crisp rusk that resembles a small halved bread roll. The sweet versions are often sprinkled with cinnamon and sugar. There are also variations of korppu which are totally flat and unleavened, usually made of rye or oats.^{[citation needed]}

Rieska

Rye (white) and potato (brown) rieska

Savonian-style barley rieska served with munavoi (mixture of mashed hard-boiled eggs and butter)

Rieska (pronounced ['ries.ka]) is unleavened, usually barley-based, soft flatbread. Simple rieska contains only flour, salt, and water, but industrial bakeries usually use yeast as well. Rieska has many local varieties in different parts of Finland regarding ingredients and preparation. It is usually baked in the oven, or alternatively on a frying pan (like pancake) or even on a heated stone. The dough is sometimes made from rye or potato. Milk rieska is a traditional food in the Ylivieska area, and is made with milk instead of water.^[9]

Confectionery

Pulla

Pulla is a cardamom-flavoured, yeast-leavened sweetened bread, often served with coffee. The usual recipe is based on milk, sugar, wheat flour, butter, with yeast and a very small amount of salt as additives, and cardamom or saffron as spices. Pulla is similar to but drier than a brioche, as eggs are not added into the dough. In contrast to many other nationalities' sweetened breads, pulla isn't buttered. When flavored with cinnamon and sugar and cut into spirals before baking, it becomes korvapuusti (cinnamon roll).^{[citation needed]}

Sokerikorppu

A korppu (see above) sweetened with sugar and spiced with cinnamon is called sokerikorppu.^{[citation needed]}

External links

Traditional Rye, Ruokatieto ^{[dead link]}

References

^ MacVeigh, Jeremy (2008). International Cuisine. Cengage Learning. p. 195. ISBN 978-1418049652. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
^ Tanttu & Tanttu (1988) quoted in Davidson & Jaine (2014)
^ "Jälkiuunileipä - Koko artikkeli - Suomen murteiden sanakirja".
^ "Jälkiuuni".
^ Medeltida trädgårdsväxter: Att spåra det förflutna Archived 2009-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
^ Edwards, W. P. (2007). The science of bakery products. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-85404-486-3.
^ "What is Crispbread?". leksands.com. Leksandsbröd. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
^ "Oats production in 2019, Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity from pick lists". Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division, FAOSTAT. 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
^ "Maitorieska". wikibooks - Cuisine of Finland. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 2023-11-22.

Davidson, Alan; Jaine, Tom (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. p. 1039. ISBN 9780199677337.
Tanttu, Anna-Maiju; Tanttu, Juha (1988). Food from Finland. Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava.

[intcu-1] MacVeigh, Jeremy (2008). International Cuisine. Cengage Learning. p. 195. ISBN 978-1418049652. Retrieved August 8, 2012.

[2] Tanttu & Tanttu (1988) quoted in Davidson & Jaine (2014)

[3] "Jälkiuunileipä - Koko artikkeli - Suomen murteiden sanakirja".

[4] "Jälkiuuni".

[5] Medeltida trädgårdsväxter: Att spåra det förflutna Archived 2009-02-25 at the Wayback Machine

[6] Edwards, W. P. (2007). The science of bakery products. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-85404-486-3.

[7] "What is Crispbread?". leksands.com. Leksandsbröd. Retrieved 2021-10-20.

[fao-8] "Oats production in 2019, Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity from pick lists". Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division, FAOSTAT. 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.

[9] "Maitorieska". wikibooks - Cuisine of Finland. 11 January 2022. Retrieved 2023-11-22.

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