Wikipedia

Ficus sycomorus

Not to be confused with Acer pseudoplatanus found in Europe or Platanus occidentalis found in North America.

Ficus sycomorus, called the sycamore fig or the fig-mulberry (because the leaves resemble those of the mulberry), sycamore, or sycomore, is a fig species that has been cultivated since ancient times.[citation needed]

Ficus sycomorus
Leaves and syconia of Ficus sycomorus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae
Genus: Ficus
Subgenus: F. subg. Sycomorus
Species:
F. sycomorus
Binomial name
Ficus sycomorus

The term sycamore spelled with an A has also been used for unrelated trees: the great maple, Acer pseudoplatanus, or plane trees, Platanus. The spelling "sycomore", with an O rather than an A as the second vowel is, if used, specific to Ficus sycomorus.[2][3]

Distribution

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Ficus sycomorus is native to Africa south of the Sahel and north of the Tropic of Capricorn, also excluding the central-west rainforest areas. It also grows naturally in Lebanon; in the southern Arabian Peninsula; in Cyprus; in very localised areas in Madagascar; and in Israel, Palestine and Egypt. In its native habitat, the tree is usually found in rich soils along rivers and in mixed woodlands.[citation needed]

Description

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Ficus sycomorus grows to 20 m tall and has a considerable spread, with a dense round crown of spreading branches. The leaves are heart-shaped with a round apex, 14 cm long by 10 cm wide, and arranged spirally around the twig. They are dark green above and lighter with prominent yellow veins below, and both surfaces are rough to the touch. The petiole is 0.5–3 cm long and pubescent. The fruit is a large edible fig, 2–3 cm in diameter, ripening from buff-green to yellow or red. They are borne in thick clusters on long branchlets or the leaf axil. Flowering and fruiting occurs year-round, peaking from July to December. The bark is green-yellow to orange and exfoliates in papery strips to reveal the yellow inner bark. Like all other figs, it contains a latex.

The fruit is produced year round, starting in April or a bit later depending on variety, and continuing into winter. It is sometimes separated into five successive "crops".[4]

Cultivation

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Two major varieties are known in Egypt. Roumi (also called Falaki or Turki), which has more horizontally spread branches, stouter shoots and petioles, more densely spaced leaves that are wider than they are long, and larger, flatter, broad pink fruits; and Kelabi (also called Arabi or Beledi), which has more vertical branches, is more slender, has smaller leaves and has smaller yellowish pear shaped fruits.[4]

In modern history, many Egyptians would once a year (on the day of a particular saint) make a ring of bruises and cuts around the base of their sycamore trees.[why?][4]

According to botanists Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, cultivation of this species was "almost exclusively" by the ancient Egyptians.[5]: 130  Remains of F. sycomorus begin to appear in predynastic times and occur in quantity from the start of the third millennium BC. It was the ancient Egyptian tree of life.[6] Zohary and Hopf note that "the fruit and the timber, and sometimes even the twigs, are richly represented in the tombs of the Egyptian Early, Middle and Late Kingdoms."[5]: 131  In numerous cases the parched fruiting bodies, known as sycons, "bear characteristic gashing marks indicating that this art, which induces ripening, was practised in Egypt in ancient times."[5]: 131 

Although this species of fig requires the presence of the symbiotic wasp Ceratosolen arabicus to reproduce sexually, and this insect is extinct in Egypt, Zohay and Hopf have no doubt that Egypt was "the principal area of sycamore fig development."[5]: 131  Some of the caskets of mummies in Egypt are made from the wood of this tree. In tropical areas where the wasp is common, complex mini-ecosystems involving the wasp, nematodes,[7][8] other parasitic wasps, and various larger predators revolve around the life cycle of the fig. The trees' random production of fruit in such environments assures its constant attendance by the insects and animals which form this ecosystem.

Sycamores were often planted around artificial pools in ancient Egyptian gardens.[9]

A study in 2015 indicated that the sycamore tree was brought to Israel by Philistines during the Iron Age, along with opium poppy and cumin.[10][11] These sycamore trees used to be numerous in western Beirut, lending their name to the neighborhood of Gemmayzeh ((الْجُمَّيْزَة al-Ǧummayzah), "sycamore fig").[12] However, the trees have largely disappeared from this area.[13]

Gardens

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In the Near East F. sycomorus is an orchard and ornamental tree of great importance and extensive use. It has wide-spreading branches and affords shade.

In religion

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Judaism and Christianity

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In the Hebrew Bible, the sycomore is referred to seven times (Biblical Hebrew: שִׁקְמָה, romanized: shiqmā; Strong's number 8256) and once in the New Testament (Koinē Greek: συκομoραία, romanized: sykomoraia or συκομορέα sykomorea;[14] Strong's number 4809). It was a popular and valuable fruit tree in Jericho and the wider Land of Canaan.[15][dubious – discuss]

Hebrew Bible
  • In the Psalms, sycomores are listed with vines as sources of food destroyed in the plagues inflicted on the Egyptians. Ps 78:47 This verse implies that Ficus sycomorus could not survive in the mountainous regions of Egypt[15] ("He destroyed their vines with hail, and their sycomore trees with frost." Ps 78:47).
  • King David appointed an officer to look after the olives and sycomores of the western foothills. 1Chron 27:28
  • King Solomon made cedars (a more valuable tree) as common as sycomores. 1Kings 10:27 = 2Chron 1:15, 2Chron 9:27
  • In condemning his people's arrogance the prophet Isaiah also makes a contrast between sycomores and cedars. Isaiah 9:10
  • The prophet Amos refers to his secondary occupation as a dresser or tender of sycomores Amos 7:14; this involved slashing the fruits to induce ripening.[5]: 131 
Gospels
Mishnah and Gemara (Talmud)
  • In the Mishnah, in chapter 9 of tractate Shevi'it of order Zera'im, the borders of the various districts of the Land of Israel are delineated. The Upper Galilee is defined as the area north of Kfar Hananya where the sycomore does not grow; the Lower Galilee is the area south of Kfar Hananya where the sycomore does grow.
  • In the Mishnah, in chapter 4 of tractate Baba Batra of the order Nezikin, two stages of sycamore are discussed regarding their inclusion or exclusion in the sale of an agricultural property; the virgin Sycamore (i.e. the untrimmed sycamore) and the stump or trunk of the sycamore after it has been trimmed. The trimming allowed for regrowth of new branches from the trunk or stump.
  • Tractate Berakhot of the Gemara mentions sycomore when discussing tithing and its blessing.
  • Tractate Pesachim 53a:8 of the Gemara mentions sycomore when identifying geographic regions, in this case, a plain, to determine dates for various purposes.
 
The "Tree of the Virgin" in Egypt.

In El Matareya, there is a sycamore known as the Tree of the Virgin, which serves as a pilgrimage site. It is not the same tree; instead, when the previous tree that stands in this spot dies, a new one is planted from cuttings of the old tree.[16] It is said that the Holy Family took refuge in this tree.[17] The Coptic pope Theophilus also recounted that Joseph had a walking stick, which an infant Jesus broke. When Joseph buried the pieces of the stick, a sycamore grew forth and provided shelter.[18]

Other religions

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In Ancient Egypt, the sycamore was associated with the goddesses Hathor, Isis, and Nut. In the case of the latter, prayers exist referring to the "sycamore of Nut", and asking for water and breath. These goddesses were sometimes depicted as trees, sometimes standing in front of them with vessels of water, or sometimes as a tree with human body parts, such as an arm or breast. It was the most significant depicted life giving tree in ancient Egypt.[19]

Sycamores are referenced in ancient Egyptian love poetry as a meeting place for lovers.[19][9]

There are also references to twin sycamores of turquoise in funerary contexts which Ra comes forth from, indicating they likely face east,[19] or are located on the eastern horizon.[9]

In modern Egyptian folklore, the sycamore retains an association with mysticism and magic. In the story "It Serves Me Right!", it is used to represent the Tree of Lifespans. The fruit from this tree dries up at the end of a life, but is fresh when one still has more life to live. Therefore, the inhabitants of a land found at the bottom of a well in the story only eat the dry, bad sycamore fruits and leave the good ones alone.[20]

In Kikuyu religion, the sycomore is a sacred tree. All sacrifices to Ngai (or Murungu), the supreme creator, were performed under the tree. Whenever the mugumo tree fell, it symbolised a bad omen and rituals had to be performed by elders in the society. Some of those ceremonies carried out under the Mugumo tree are still observed.[21][22]

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    Leaves
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    Trunk with unripe fruit
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    Fruit and syconia
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    In Ethiopia

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Ficus sycomorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T146188430A146199148. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T146188430A146199148.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "sycomore". Merriam-Webster.com. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  3. ^ "sycamore". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  4. ^ a b c Brown, Thomas W.; Walsingham, F. G. "The Sycamore Fig In Egypt". Journal of Heredity. 8 (1): 3–12. doi:10.1093/jhered/8.1.3.
  5. ^ a b c d e Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria (2012). Domestication of plants in the Old World (fourth ed.). Oxford University Press.
  6. ^ Assmann, Jan; Lorton, David (2005). Death and salvation in ancient Egypt. translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-8014-4241-4.
  7. ^ Susoy, Vladislav; Herrmann, Matthias; Kanzaki, Natsumi; Kruger, Meike; Nguyen, Chau N.; Rödelsperger, Christian; Röseler, Waltraud; Weiler, Christian; Giblin-Davis, Robin M.; Ragsdale, Erik J.; Sommer, Ralf J. (2016). "Large-scale diversification without genetic isolation in nematode symbionts of figs". Science Advances. 2 (1): e1501031. Bibcode:2016SciA....2E1031S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501031. PMC 4730855. PMID 26824073.
  8. ^ Kruger, Meike S.; Kanzaki, Natsumi; Giblin-Davis, Robin M.; Greeff, Jaco M. (10 August 2021). "Molecular diversity and relationships of fig associated nematodes from South Africa". PLOS ONE. 16 (8): e0255451. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1655451K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255451. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 8354458. PMID 34375357.
  9. ^ a b c The Sycamore in Ancient Egypt by Mohammed F. Azzazy and Azza Ezzat
  10. ^ "Philistines introduced sycamore, cumin and opium poppy into Israel during the Iron Age", Science daily, 28 August 2015, retrieved 25 October 2015.
  11. ^ Frumin, Suembikya; Maeir, Aren M.; Kolska Horwitz, Liora; Weiss, Ehud (25 August 2015), "Nature", Scientific Reports, 5 (1): 13308, doi:10.1038/srep13308, PMC 4642518, PMID 26304818.
  12. ^ Gemmmayzeh name origins., 25 July 2019
  13. ^ Quilty, Jim; Diab, Leila (31 August 2005). "Gemmayzeh changing: new habits come to an old quarter". The Daily Star. Retrieved 16 November 2021. ... named after a sycamore tree that was once a landmark here.
  14. ^ συκομορέα. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
  15. ^ a b Moldenke, Harold N. (1952). Plants of the Bible. Waltham, Massachusetts USA: Chronica Botanica Company. pp. 106–108.
  16. ^ "The Virgin's Tree in Egypt: A Story of Survival". Photorientalist. 18 December 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  17. ^ Sachs, Susan (26 December 2001). "Cairo Journal; A Tree Drooping With Its Ancient Burden of Faith". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
  18. ^ El-Aref, Nevine. "Virgin Mary Site Inaugurated".
  19. ^ a b c R. Osborne, William. "The Tree of Life in Ancient Egypt and the Book of Proverbs". Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions.
  20. ^ El-Shamy, Hasan (1980). Folktales of Egypt. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 87–93. ISBN 0-226-20624-6.
  21. ^ "Gikuyu Origins". Mukuyu. 13 November 2008. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  22. ^ Mbiti, John (1990). African Religions and Philosophy. Oxford University Press.
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