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Federative units of Brazil

The federative units of Brazil (Portuguese: unidades federativas do Brasil) are subnational entities with a certain degree of autonomy (self-government, self-regulation, and self-collection) and endowed with their own government and constitution, which together form the Federative Republic of Brazil. There are 26 states (estados) and one federal district (distrito federal). The states are generally based on historical, conventional borders which have developed over time. The states are divided into municipalities, while the Federal District assumes the competences of both a state and a municipality.

Federative units of Brazil
Unidades federativas do Brasil
Map of modern federated units of Brazil
CategoryFederated state
LocationFederative Republic of Brazil
Number26 states and 1 federal district
Populations636,707 (Roraima) – 44,411,238 (São Paulo)
Areas5,761 km2 (2,224 sq mi) (Federal District) – 1,559,168 km2 (601,998 sq mi) (Amazonas)
Government
Subdivisions

Government

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The government of each state of Brazil is divided into executive, legislative and judiciary branches.

The state executive branch is headed by a state governor and includes a vice governor, both elected by the citizens of the state. The governor appoints several secretaries of state (each one in charge of a given portfolio) and the state attorney-general.[1]

The state legislative branch is the legislative assembly, a unicameral body composed of deputies elected by the citizens of the state.[1]

The judiciary in each of the states is composed of judges of law, who constitute the courts of first instance, and a Court of Justice, which is the court of second instance of the state and is composed of judges called desembargadores. Judges qualify through exams or are appointed.[1]

The states are divided into municipalities, which have different competences and are considered autonomous from the states. Municipalities have a mayor, vice mayor and a chamber of aldermen, all elected by the citizens of the municipality, but do not have a separate judiciary.[1]

The Federal District has the same executive, legislative and judiciary organization as a state, but it cannot be divided into municipalities, which is why its territory is composed of several administrative regions. These regions are directly managed by the government of the Federal District, which exercises constitutional and legal powers that are equivalent to those of the states, as well as those of the municipalities, thus simultaneously assuming all the obligations arising from them.[1]

Fernando de Noronha is not a municipality, but a state district of Pernambuco (the only state district in the country). It is governed by an administrator-general, appointed by the governor of Pernambuco, and a council whose members are elected by the citizens of the district.[2]

All states and the Federal District are represented in the national congress, each with three senators and between eight and 70 deputies, depending on their population. The citizens of all states and the Federal District vote for these national representatives and for president and vice president.

History

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See also: Captaincies of Brazil
 
The States of Brazil, their respective flags, their state capitals, and their largest cities.

The present states of Brazil trace their history directly to the captaincies established by Portugal following the Treaty of Tordesillas which divided the World between Portugal and Spain.

The first administrative divisions of Brazil were the hereditary captaincies (capitanias hereditárias), stretches of land granted by the Portuguese Crown to noblemen or merchants with a charter to colonize the land. The first such captaincy was the island of São João, granted in 1504 to Fernão de Loronha. The continental land was divided into captaincies in 1534, generally following lines of latitude, although some followed meridians or diagonal lines.[3] Each of the holders of these captaincies was referred to as a captain donatary (capitão donatário). The captaincies were to be inherited by the holders' descendants, but the Crown retained the power to reacquire them.

In 1549, the Portuguese Crown appointed Tomé de Sousa as the first governor-general of the vast Portuguese dominion in South America, known as the State of Brazil (Estado do Brasil). In 1621, the northern part of the dominion was detached, becoming a separate entity known as the State of Maranhão. However, captaincies continued existing under both states as regional administrations.[4]

During the Iberian Union (1580–1640), which allowed Portuguese settlers to enter Spanish domains, the territory of Portuguese colonial domains in South America was more than doubled, with both states of Brazil and Maranhão greatly expanding westward. After the union ended, Portugal asserted its territorial claims, which Spain eventually accepted with the Treaty of Madrid in 1750. Several captaincies were created or merged during this period, in both the original and western domains, and some were returned to the Crown, becoming royal captaincies.[4]

The government of the Marquis of Pombal (1750–1777) significantly centralized the administration of the Portuguese colonies. By 1759, all captaincies had been returned to the Crown, with captains becoming appointed rather than recognized by inheritance. Some captaincies were designated as captaincies-general, to which other captaincies were subordinated.[4] In addition, the State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro and the State of Maranhão and Piauí, which had been split from the State of Maranhão, were reincorporated into the State of Brazil in 1775, under a single governor-general. This centralization later helped to keep Brazil as a unified nation-state, avoiding fragmentation similar to that of the Spanish domains.

The captaincies became provinces in 1821, during the final years of the Kingdom of Brazil (united with Portugal), and maintained that designation after independence in 1822 under the Empire of Brazil. Most internal boundaries were kept unchanged from the end of the colonial period, generally following natural features such as rivers and mountain ridges. Some changes were made to suit domestic politics (transferring the Triângulo Mineiro from Goiás to Minas Gerais, transferring the south bank of the São Francisco River from Pernambuco to Minas Gerais and later to Bahia, separating the capital city of Rio de Janeiro as a Neutral Municipality outside any province, splitting Amazonas from Pará, and splitting Paraná from São Paulo), as well as international border adjustments resulting from diplomatic settlement of territorial disputes. The Cisplatine Province was annexed into Brazil in 1821, declared independence as Uruguay in 1825, and was recognized by the Treaty of Montevideo in 1828.

When Brazil became a republic in 1889, all provinces became states, and the Neutral Municipality became the Federal District. In 1903, Brazil acquired the territory of Acre from Bolivia with the Treaty of Petrópolis.

In 1942–1943, with the entrance of Brazil into World War II, the Vargas regime detached six strategic territories from the borders of the country to administer them directly: the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha (from Pernambuco), Amapá (from Pará), Rio Branco (from Amazonas), Guaporé (from Mato Grosso and Amazonas), Ponta Porã (from Mato Grosso) and Iguaçu (from Paraná and Santa Catarina).[5][6][7] Shortly after the war, the Brazilian constitution of 1946 returned Ponta Porã and Iguaçu to their original states.[8] Guaporé was renamed Rondônia in 1956,[9] and Rio Branco was renamed Roraima in 1962,[10] while remaining territories along with Amapá and Fernando de Noronha. Acre became a state in 1962.[11]

In 1960, the rectangular-shaped Distrito Federal was carved out of Goiás to contain the new capital, Brasília.[12][13] The previous federal district became the state of Guanabara,[8] but in 1975 it was reincorporated into its original state of Rio de Janeiro, becoming its capital as the city of Rio de Janeiro.[14]

In 1977, the southern part of Mato Grosso became the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.[15] In 1981, Rondônia became a state.[16] The Brazilian constitution of 1988 created the state of Tocantins from the northern portion of Goiás, established Amapá and Roraima as states, and returned the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha to Pernambuco.[1] The constitution thus ended all remaining territories, although it maintained the possibility of creating others in the future.

Proposed federative states

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Main article: Proposed federative units of Brazil

Proposed division of Pará

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Main article: 2011 Pará state division plebiscite

On 11 December 2011, a consultative referendum was held in the state of Pará about creating two new states from parts of it (Tapajós and Carajás, with the rest of the state remaining as Pará). Both proposals were rejected by about 66% of statewide voters, but reflecting a strong geographic split with over 90% approval by voters in the proposed breakaway regions and over 90% disapproval by those in the rest of the state.[17][18]

Maps

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List

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Flag and name Code Capital Largest city Area[20] Population
(May 2023)[21] 		Density 2022 GDP (R$
millions, 2022)[22] 		HDI
(2022)[23]
km2 sq mi per km2 per sq mi
  Acre AC Rio Branco 164,123 63,368
830,018
 6.34 16.4
21,000
0.719
  Alagoas AL Maceió 27,779 10,726
3,127,683
 125.52 325.1
73,000
0.683
  Amapá AP Macapá 142,829 55,147
733,759
 2.63 6.8
9000
0.740
  Amazonas AM Manaus 1,559,159 601,995
3,941,613
 2.58 6.7
103,000
0.733
  Bahia BA Salvador 564,733 218,045
14,141,626
 30.52 79.0
257,000
0.714
  Ceará CE Fortaleza 148,921 57,499
8,794,957
 60.33 156.3
410,000
0.735
  Distrito Federal DF Brasília 5,780 2,230
2,817,381
 493.00 1,276.9
249,000
0.850
  Espírito Santo ES Vitória Serra 46,096 17,798
3,833,712
 80.63 208.8
125,000
0.772
  Goiás GO Goiânia 340,112 131,318
7,056,495
 18.46 47.8
202,000
0.769
  Maranhão MA São Luís 331,937 128,162
6,776,699
 19.03 49.3
102,000
0.687
  Mato Grosso MT Cuiabá 903,366 348,792
3,658,649
 4.01 10.4
142,000
0.774
  Mato Grosso do Sul MS Campo Grande 357,146 137,895
2,880,308
 7.83 20.3
107,000
0.766
  Minas Gerais MG Belo Horizonte 586,522 226,457
21,279,353
 31.72 82.2
583,000
0.787
  Pará PA Belém 1,247,955 481,838
8,639,532
 7.02 18.2
156,000
0.698
  Paraíba PB João Pessoa 56,470 21,800
4,175,326
 78.93 204.4
60,000
0.722
  Paraná PR Curitiba 199,308 76,953
11,623,091
 43.46 112.6
417,000
0.792
  Pernambuco PE Recife 98,148 37,895
9,645,321
 103.83 268.9
201,000
0.727
  Piauí PI Teresina 251,578 97,135
3,341,352
 9.73 25.2
26,000
0.697
  Rio de Janeiro RJ Rio de Janeiro 43,780 16,900
16,055,174
 387.46 1,003.5
693,000
0.796
  Rio Grande do Norte RN Natal 52,811 20,390
3,619,619
 62.74 162.5
76,000
0.731
  Rio Grande do Sul RS Porto Alegre 281,730 108,780
10,882,965
 36.84 95.4
444,000
0.787
  Rondônia RO Porto Velho 237,591 91,734
1,837,905
 7.34 19.0
19,000
0.725
  Roraima RR Boa Vista 224,301 86,603
708,352
 2.54 6.6
8000
0.752
  Santa Catarina SC Florianópolis Joinville 95,736 36,964
7,218,704
 69.74 180.6
293,000
0.808
  São Paulo SP São Paulo 248,223 95,839
44,411,238
 175.73 455.1
1,964,000
0.826
  Sergipe SE Aracaju 21,915 8,461
2,403,563
 97.64 252.9
38,000
0.702
  Tocantins TO Palmas 277,721 107,229
1,692,452
 5.74 14.9
21,000
0.743

Other statistics, by: highest point, literacy rate, life expectancy, infant mortality, murder rate.

  1. ^ This map names the eastern captaincy of Maranhão as Piauí, and does not show the captaincy of the island of São João.
  2. ^ This anachronistic map shows the captaincy of São Paulo and Minas de Ouro from its foundation in 1709 to its first split in 1720, and the captaincies of Bahia and Pernambuco from the last merger with their surrounding captaincies in 1761 to their first following split in 1779. The captaincy of Rio Grande de São Pedro was subordinated to Rio de Janeiro from its foundation in 1760 to 1807. The captaincies of Maranhão and Grão-Pará remained unchanged during this whole period.
  3. ^ This map shows the entire future territory of Guaporé and state of Rondônia as part of Mato Grosso, but its northwest portion was part of Amazonas.[19]

Approximate correspondence between historical divisions

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Approximate correspondence between divisions in selected years
Land of Brazil State of Maranhão
and Grão-Pará 		State of Brazil Empire of Brazil United States of Brazil Federative Republic of Brazil
State of Brazil
1534 1654 1775 1822 1853 1889 1943 1967 1977 1988
captaincies captaincies
general 		provinces provinces states
neutral
municipality 		federal
district 		federal district federal
district
territories
part of Tierra Firme
and New Castile 		part of Peru part of Bolivia Acre Acre
Grão-Pará Grão-Pará Amazonas Amazonas
Rio Branco Roraima Roraima
Pará Pará
Amapá Amapá
Maranhão (west) Maranhão Maranhão Maranhão
Maranhão (east) Piauí
Ceará Ceará Pernambuco Ceará
Rio Grande Rio Grande do Norte
Itamaracá Paraíba Paraíba
São João Pernambuco Fernando de Noronha Pernambuco
Pernambuco Pernambuco
Alagoas
Baía de Todos os Santos Bahia Sergipe
Ilhéus Bahia
Porto Seguro
Espírito Santo Espírito Santo
São Tomé Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro
São Vicente (north) Município Neutro Distrito Federal Guanabara
São Vicente Minas Gerais
part of New Castile
and New Toledo 		Goiás Goiás Tocantins
Goiás
Distrito Federal
Mato Grosso Guaporé Rondônia Rondônia
Mato Grosso Mato Grosso Mato Grosso
Ponta Porã Mato Grosso do Sul
Santo Amaro São Paulo São Paulo
São Vicente (south)
Paraná Paraná Paraná
Iguaçu
Santana Rio de Janeiro
(dependencies) 		Santa Catarina Santa Catarina
Santa Catarina
part of New Andalusia part of Peru Rio Grande do Sul
part of Peru Cisplatina Uruguay

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil of 1988, Government of Brazil. (in Portuguese)
  2. ^ Law no. 11304, of 28 December 1995, Legislative Assembly of Pernambuco. (in Portuguese)
  3. ^ Reconstructing the map of the hereditary captaincies, Jorge Pimentel Cintra, Annals of the Museum of São Paulo, July/December 2013. (in Portuguese)
  4. ^ a b c The political-administrative organization and the regionalization process of the Brazilian colonial territory, Paulo Pedro Perides, Department of Geography Magazine, 7 November 2011. (in Portuguese)
  5. ^ Decree-law no. 4102, of 9 February 1942, Chamber of Deputies of Brazil. (in Portuguese)
  6. ^ Decree-law no. 5812, of 13 September 1943, Government of Brazil. (in Portuguese)
  7. ^ Decree-law no. 6.550, of 31 May 1944, Government of Brazil. (in Portuguese)
  8. ^ a b Constitution of the United States of Brazil, of 18 September 1946, Government of Brazil. (in Portuguese)
  9. ^ Law no. 2731, of 17 February 1956, Government of Brazil. (in Portuguese)
  10. ^ Law no. 4182, of 13 December 1962, Chamber of Deputies of Brazil. (in Portuguese)
  11. ^ Law no. 4070, of 15 June 1962, Government of Brazil. (in Portuguese)
  12. ^ Law no. 2874, of 19 September 1956, Government of Brazil. (in Portuguese)
  13. ^ Law no. 3273, of 1 October 1957, Government of Brazil. (in Portuguese)>
  14. ^ Complementary law no. 20, of 1 July 1974, Government of Brazil. (in Portuguese)
  15. ^ Complementary law no. 31, of 11 October 1977, Government of Brazil. (in Portuguese)
  16. ^ Complementary law no. 41, of 22 December 1981, Government of Brazil. (in Portuguese)
  17. ^ "Voters Reject Division of Brazilian State". Americas Quarterly. December 13, 2011.
  18. ^ In referendum, voters of Pará reject division of the state, G1, 11 December 2011. (in Portuguese)
  19. ^ Map of Brazil, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, November 1940. (in Portuguese)
  20. ^ Areas of the municipalities, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, 2018.
  21. ^ Population estimates, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, 2022.
  22. ^ Gross domestic product of municipalities, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, 2016.
  23. ^ "Ranking". Atlas of Human Development in Brazil. 15 November 2021.
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