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Exchange and Provost

The Old Exchange & Provost Dungeon, also known as the Custom House, and The Exchange, is a historic building at East Bay and Broad Streets in Charleston, South Carolina. Built in 1767–1771, it has served a variety of civic institutional functions, including notably as a prisoner of war facility operated by British forces during the American Revolutionary War. The building was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973.[2] It is now a museum operated by the Daughters of the American Revolution.

Old Exchange and Provost Dungeon
Exchange and Provost in 1977
Exchange and Provost is located in South Carolina
Exchange and Provost
Exchange and Provost is located in the United States
Exchange and Provost
LocationE. Bay and Broad Streets, Charleston, South Carolina
Coordinates32°46′31″N 79°55′38″W / 32.77528°N 79.92722°W / 32.77528; -79.92722
Built1767
ArchitectWilliam Rigby Naylor
Architectural styleGeorgian
Part ofCharleston Historic District (ID66000964)
NRHP reference No.69000160
Significant dates
Added to NRHPDecember 17, 1969[1]
Designated NHLNovember 7, 1973[2]
Designated NHLDCPOctober 9, 1960

Description

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The Old Exchange is located on the east side of Charleston's historic downtown area, at the northeast corner of East Bay and Broad Streets. It is a two-story masonry building, capped by a hipped roof with cupola and set on a high brick basement. The main facade faces west, and has a projecting three-bay gabled section at its center with entrances recessed in three round-arch openings on the first floor, and sash windows set in bays articulated by Ionic pilasters on the second. The flanking walls each have a Palladian window set on a brick base with balustrade.[3]

History

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Eyre Crowe's Auction at Charleston depicts Alonzo J. White conducting a slave auction on the plaza north of the Exchange on March 10, 1853, at 11 a.m., of a "very prime gang of NINETY-SIX NEGROS who have been accustomed to the culture of Rice on the Combahee River, until within the last five years they cultivated Sea Island Cotton"

The Exchange was built from 1767–1771 by South Carolina's provincial government, and was used during the 18th century for a variety of civic functions, including as a custom house, public market, public meeting place, and jail. During the American Revolution, confiscated tea was stored here in 1774, and it is where South Carolina's revolutionary leadership councils were held. After the British captured the city in 1780, it was used as a barracks, and its basement was used as a military prison. In 2012, a study was completed of the building's use as a British prison during the Revolutionary War. Soon after taking control of Charleston in 1780, the British started housing prisoners in the Exchange, but not exclusively in the "dungeon". The investigation was able to document at least 120 prisoners held in the Exchange, but there were many more whose identities could not be discovered.[3] The facility was not exclusively used for Colonial prisoners, and at least some British soldiers were held there too.[4]

 
The American Anti-Slavery Society in 1835 mailed a large quantity of abolitionist publications to individuals in the South. Mail with these publications was taken from the Charleston S.C. Post Office and publicly burned. Notice reward poster for [Arthur] Tappan. The men taking the bags labelled U.S. Mail from the Post Office are workingmen, but those standing around the bonfire are well dressed

The building housed the South Carolina convention to ratify the United States Constitution in 1788, and was the site of many of the events in George Washington's week-long stay in Charleston. He was greeted by a crowd on the balcony. The building continued as an Exchange until the 19th century, when it also became a post office. According to Frederic Bancroft in Slave-Trading in the Old South, "From colonial days until after the middle of the nineteenth century from several hundred to many thousand slaves were annually sold to the highest bidders, in front or just north of this building. As the postoffice was long in the Exchange, visitors as well as residents called there daily for their mail, and, after about 10 A. M. on sale-days, were sure to notice the crowd that gathered about the slaves."[5] During the 19th century, the postmaster defended the Exchange's shipment of abolitionist pamphlets from angry Charlestonian rioters.

In the American Civil War, the building remained a Confederate post office, but was hit by several shells during the war, and thus abandoned. In 1913, the building was granted to the Daughters of the American Revolution, who have preserved it ever since. In World War I, the building served as the army headquarters of General Leonard Wood and the United States Lighthouse Service—the latter having been in the building since the late 1800s. In World War II, the building not only served as a USO facility and canteen for troops, but served as the Coastal Picket Station for the Sixth Naval District of the United States Coast Guard. In 1965, the Half-Moon Battery, a 1698 fortification, was discovered underneath the building.[6]

 
The Customs House, seen here in 2013, stands at the foot of Broad Street in Charleston, South Carolina.

The building's first cupola was damaged by a hurricane in the early 1800s. The second deteriorated before the great earthquake of 1886, and the third was not placed until 1981 when the building opened as a museum.[7]

The building is owned by the South Carolina Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, who operate guided costumed tours that include all three floors of the building. The Provost Dungeon once had animatronic figures that tell stories of pirates and colonial days, but these animatronics have been supplanted by personal dungeon tours by docents.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  2. ^ a b "Exchange and Provost". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 23, 2007. Retrieved March 6, 2008.
  3. ^ a b Charles W. Snell (January 9, 1973). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: The Exchange and Provost / The Exchange" (pdf). National Park Service. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) and Accompanying two photos, exterior, from 1972 (32 KB)
  4. ^ Hicks, Brian (August 20, 2012). "New history of the Provost Dungeon uncovered". Charleston Post & Courier. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
  5. ^ Bancroft, Frederic (2023) [1931, 1996]. Slave Trading in the Old South. Southern Classics Series. Introduction by Michael Tadman (Reprint ed.). Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-1-64336-427-8. LCCN 95020493. OCLC 1153619151.
  6. ^ Andrus, Taylor (2005). Charleston's Old Exchange Building: A Witness to American History. The History Press. pp. 1–100. ISBN 978-1-59629-046-4.
  7. ^ "A Restoration". Charleston News & Courier. September 11, 1884. p. 8. Retrieved November 14, 2012.
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