Event (computing)

In programming and software design, an event is an action or occurrence recognized by software, often originating asynchronously from the external environment, that may be handled by the software. Computer events can be generated or triggered by the system, by the user, or in other ways. Events may be handled synchronously with the program flow. That is, the software may have one or more dedicated places where events are handled, frequently an event loop. However, in event-driven architecture, events are typically processed asynchronously.

The user can be the source of an event. The user may interact with the software through the computer's peripherals—for example, by typing on a keyboard or clicking with a mouse. Another source is a hardware device such as a timer. Software can also trigger its own set of events into the event loop, such as by communicating the completion of a task. Software that changes its behavior in response to events is said to be event-driven, often with the goal of being interactive.

Description

Event driven systems are typically used when there is some asynchronous external activity that needs to be handled by a program, such as a user pressing a mouse button. An event driven system typically runs an event loop that keeps waiting for such activities, such as input from devices or internal alarms. When one of these occurs, it collects data about the event and dispatches the event to the event handler software that will deal with it.

A program can choose to ignore events, and there may be libraries to dispatch an event to multiple handlers that may be programmed to listen for a particular event. The data associated with an event at a minimum specifies what type of event it is, but may include other information such as when it occurred, who or what caused it to occur, and extra data provided by the event source to the handler about how the event should be processed.

Events are typically used in user interfaces, where actions in the outside world (such as mouse clicks, window-resizing, keyboard presses, and messages from other programs) are handled by the program as a series of events. Programs written for many windowing environments consist predominantly of event handlers.

Events can also be used at the instruction set level, where they complement interrupts. Compared to interrupts, events are normally implemented synchronously: the program explicitly waits for an event to be generated and handled (typically by calling an instruction that dispatches the next event), whereas an interrupt can demand immediate service.

Event Evolution Strategies

In distributed systems, event evolution poses challenges, such as managing inconsistent event schemas across services and ensuring compatibility during gradual system updates. Event evolution strategies in event-driven architectures (EDA) can ensure that systems can handle changes to events without disruption. These strategies can include versioning events, such as semantic versioning or schema evolution, to maintain backward and forward compatibility. Adapters can translate events between old and new formats, ensuring consistent processing across components. These techniques can enable systems to evolve while remaining compatible and reliable in complex, distributed environments. ^[1]

User-generated events

There are many situations or events that a program or system may generate or to which it may respond. Some common user generated events include:

Mouse events

A pointing device can generate a number of software recognisable pointing device gestures. A mouse can generate a number of mouse events, such as mouse move (including direction of move and distance), mouse left/right button up/down^[2] and mouse wheel motion, or a combination of these gestures. For example, double-clicks commonly select words and characters within boundary, and triple-clicks select entire paragraphs.

Keyboard events

Pressing a key on a keyboard or a combination of keys generates a keyboard event, enabling the program currently running to respond to the introduced data such as which key/s the user pressed.^[2]

Joystick events

Moving a joystick generates an X-Y analogue signal. They often have multiple buttons to trigger events. Some gamepads for popular game boxes use joysticks.

Touchscreen events

The events generated using a touchscreen are commonly referred to as touch events or gestures.

Device events

Device events include action by or to a device, such as a shake, tilt, rotation, or move.

Delegate event model

Delegate event model. clickme is the event source –a button in this example–, and it contains a list of listeners.

A common variant in object-oriented programming is the delegate event model, which is provided by some graphic user interfaces. This model is based on three entities:

a control, which is the event source
listeners, also called event handlers, which receive the event notification from the source
interfaces (in the broader meaning of the term) which describe the protocol by which the event is to be communicated.

Furthermore, the model requires that:

every listener must implement the interface for the event to which it wants to listen
every listener must register with the source to declare its desire to listen to the event
every time the source generates the event, it communicates it to the registered listeners, following the protocol of the interface.

C# uses events as special delegates that can only be fired by the class that declares them. This allows for better abstraction, for example:^[3]

delegate void Notifier (string sender);

class Model
{
    public event Notifier notifyViews;
    public void Change() { ... notifyViews("Model"); }
}

class View1
{
    public View1(Model model)
    {
        model.notifyViews += new Notifier(this.Update1);
    }

    void Update1(string sender)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{sender} was changed during update"); 
    }
}

class View2
{
    public View2(Model model)
    {
        model.notifyViews += new Notifier(this.Update2); 
    }

    void Update2(string sender)
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"{sender} was changed"); 
    }
}

class Test
{
    static void Main()
    {
        Model model = new Model();

        new View1(model);
        new View2(model);
        model.Change();
    }
}

Event handler

In computer programming, an event handler may be implemented using a callback subroutine that handles inputs received in a program (called a listener in Java and JavaScript^[4]). Each event is a piece of application-level information from the underlying framework, typically the GUI toolkit. GUI events include key presses, mouse movement, action selections, and timers expiring. On a lower level, events can represent availability of new data for reading a file or network stream. Event handlers are a central concept in event-driven programming.

The events are created by the framework based on interpreting lower-level inputs, which may be lower-level events themselves. For example, mouse movements and clicks are interpreted as menu selections. The events initially originate from actions on the operating system level, such as interrupts generated by hardware devices, software interrupt instructions, or state changes in polling. On this level, interrupt handlers and signal handlers correspond to event handlers.

Created events are first processed by an event dispatcher within the framework. It typically manages the associations between events and event handlers, and may queue event handlers or events for later processing. Event dispatchers may call event handlers directly, or wait for events to be dequeued with information about the handler to be executed.

Event notification

Event notification is a term used in conjunction with communications software for linking applications that generate small messages (the "events") to applications that monitor the associated conditions and may take actions triggered by events.^[5]

Event notification is an important feature in modern database systems (used to inform applications when conditions they are watching for have occurred), modern operating systems (used to inform applications when they should take some action, such as refreshing a window), and modern distributed systems, where the producer of an event might be on a different machine than the consumer, or consumers. Event notification platforms are normally designed so that the application producing events do not need to know which applications will consume them, or even how many applications will monitor the event stream.

Event notification is sometimes used as a synonym for publish-subscribe, a term that relates to one class of products supporting event notification in networked settings. The virtual synchrony model is sometimes used to endow event notification systems, and publish-subscribe systems, with stronger fault-tolerance and consistency guarantees.

References

^ Designing Event-Driven Systems. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 9781492038245.
^ ^a ^b Mouse and Keyboard Events in Windows Forms. Microsoft. Retrieved on February 12, 2008.
^ Mössenböck, Hanspeter (2002-03-25). "Advanced C#: Variable Number of Parameters" (PDF). Institut für Systemsoftware, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Fachbereich Informatik. p. 26. Retrieved 2011-08-05.
^ "EventTarget.addEventListener() - Web APIs". MDN Web Docs. 11 March 2024.
^ uit de Bos, Oskar (May 24, 2021). "The event notification pattern".

[1] Designing Event-Driven Systems. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 9781492038245.

[event-2] Mouse and Keyboard Events in Windows Forms. Microsoft. Retrieved on February 12, 2008.

[3] Mössenböck, Hanspeter (2002-03-25). "Advanced C#: Variable Number of Parameters" (PDF). Institut für Systemsoftware, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Fachbereich Informatik. p. 26. Retrieved 2011-08-05.

[4] "EventTarget.addEventListener() - Web APIs". MDN Web Docs. 11 March 2024.

[5] uit de Bos, Oskar (May 24, 2021). "The event notification pattern".

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