Evelyn Nielsen Wood (January 8, 1909 – August 26, 1995) was an American educator and businessperson, widely known for popularizing speed reading, although she preferred the phrase "dynamic reading". She created and marketed a system said to increase a reader's speed over the average reading rate of 250 to 300 words a minute by a factor of three to ten times, or more, while preserving and even improving comprehension.[1][2][3] The system was taught in rented offices, dubbed "institutes", as Evelyn Wood Reading Dynamics, a business Wood co-founded with her husband, Doug Wood. It eventually had 150 outlets in the United States, 30 in Canada, and others worldwide.[4][5]
Evelyn Wood | |
|---|---|
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| Born | January 8, 1909 |
| Died | August 26, 1995 (aged 86) |
Background
editEvelyn Nielsen, the daughter of Elias and Rose (Stirland) Nielsen,[6] was born in Logan, Utah, in 1909 and grew up in Ogden. She received a B.A. in English from the University of Utah in 1929 — later pursuing a master's degree in speech.[3] On June 12, 1929, she married Myron Douglas "Doug" Wood (1903–1987), son of William Wood Jr. and Ellen Sutton (Goddard) Wood – and student body president at the University of Utah.[6] Doug Wood grew up in Salt Lake City, Utah and earned a B.A. in business from the University of Utah in 1929. The couple had one biological daughter, Carol Wood Davis Evans of Tucson, AZ [6] and an adopted daughter, Anna Wood North.[7][6]
Wood said she initiated her own study of the habits of naturally fast readers after watching a professor flip through her master's thesis at surprisingly high speed before asking her questions that, she said, indicated perfect comprehension. She spent the next two years observing individuals that, according to her assessments, read thousands of words per minute.[8] Later she worked for nine years as a teacher and girls' counselor at Jordan High School in Sandy, Utah south of Salt Lake City.[3][6] With a small group of partners, Evelyn and Doug Wood created a speed reading business in 1959. Their company, Evelyn Wood Reading Dynamics, was initially based in the Washington, DC, area but quickly expanded to 32 cities.[9]
Instrumental in the business's success was its wholehearted embrace by the media. Early coverage of the method in Time magazine accepted all of Wood's claims as factual, and other major news outlets were equally uncritical.[10][11] Early on, an educator at the Harvard Business School raised questions about the validity of Wood's data, but these were largely ignored.[12][13]
A scathing critique of the method in the Saturday Evening Post got somewhat more attention.[14] But the election of President John F. Kennedy elevated speed-reading to a craze, or, as some saw it, a job requirement.[15] Kennedy, who reportedly read at 1,200 words per minute, had no formal association with Evelyn Wood Reading Dynamics. He said he'd taught himself speed-reading after taking a few classes from a different company that had since ceased operations.[16] Nevertheless, Kennedy's prolific reading and Wood's methods merged in the public mind, lending legitimacy to Wood's claims.
In 1962 the Woods sold the business to a group of Washington investors, Diversified Education and Research Corporation (D.E.A.R.), which operated it mainly as a franchising system.[17][18] Paying an undisclosed amount for the then-struggling business, D.E.A.R. also gave the Woods rights to market Evelyn Wood Reading Dynamics courses in Utah and Idaho free of the usual franchising costs. The Woods returned to Salt Lake City to run the franchise. At the same time, Evelyn served as a paid consultant to the parent company, remaining the face of Evelyn Wood Reading Dynamics to the world.[6]
In 1967 Famous Artists Schools Inc. acquired Evelyn Wood Reading Dynamics, by then operating in 67 cities.[19] The company continued to spread geographically under its new owners, but enrollments proved disappointing. While reorganizing under Chapter 11 bankruptcy, Famous Artists, since renamed FAS International, sold the speed-reading concern to venture capitalists.[20]
The new owners revitalized the company through aggressive marketing. Having remained a consultant through the changes of ownership, Wood was placed on a busy schedule of radio interviews and TV appearances. The company arranged for President Jimmy Carter and his family to take an Evelyn Wood course, taught by a franchiser, at the White House.[21] Coverage of the White House classes gave the company a needed lift.[22]
American Learning Corporation, a subsidiary of Encyclopædia Britannica, bought Evelyn Wood Reading Dynamics in May 1986,[23] and it was later sold in September 1993 to Pryor Resources (now Pryor Learning, LLC), a business seminar training company in Mission, Kansas.[3]
After two strokes, Wood died 26 August 1995 in Tucson, Arizona at age 86.[3] Her papers are archived at the Utah State Historical Society.[6]
Speed reading
editWood alleged that she was capable of reading 2,700 words a minute, often sharing the traits of reading down the page rather than left to right, reading groups of words or complete thoughts rather than single words, avoiding involuntary rereading of material and applying their efficiency to varied material.[3] Maintaining that faster readers were also more effective readers,[3] she began developing her programs, ultimately establishing the methodology of using a finger or pointer to trace lines of text while eliminating sub-vocalizing (reading under one's breath or aloud in one's head).[3][24]
Her book Reading Skills was published in 1959 and she and her husband subsequently started the Evelyn Wood Reading Dynamics business. Classes were heavily advertised on television in the 1960s and '70s; Steve Allen was one of the highest-profile celebrity endorsers. Graduates of the course included actor Burt Lancaster, astronaut John Glenn, Queen Ingrid of Denmark, and Senator Edward M. Kennedy.[25]
Several US senators, including William Proxmire of Wisconsin, took the course soon after the company's launch. They recommended the system on a 1961 ABC-TV news program, and Proxmire, who once claimed a reading speed of 20,000 words per minute, allowed his endorsement and image to be used for years afterwards in Evelyn Wood advertisements.[26][27][28] Subsequently, Evelyn Wood courses were organized at the Capitol for US Representatives and Senators.[29][30] President Richard M. Nixon organized a course for White House staff members.[31]
One of Wood's speed reading students appeared on the CBS television program I've Got a Secret, claiming she could read the 689-page novel Gone With the Wind in less than one hour.[32]
According to an article in the September 21, 2019 New York Post (as confirmed by other sources)[who?], time hasn’t been kind to her ideas.[original research?] Elizabeth Schotter, a psychologist at the University of South Florida, co-authored a 2016 study examining the evidence for speed-reading. “There’s no way to dramatically increase reading speed without a decrease in comprehension,” Schotter told The Post. “Whoever claims to be a speed-reader is likely skimming.” As for Wood in particular, Schotter finds her methods “crazy based on the scientific evidence about reading.” [citation needed]
References
edit- ^ Mitchell, Curtis (5 February 1961). "She Can Teach You To Read 2,500 Words a Minute!". Denton Record-Chronicle (Denton, TX). Family Weekly Sunday Supplement.
- ^ "Advertisement, Evelyn Wood Reading Dynamics". The Austin Statesman. 19 April 1966.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Van Gelder, Lawrence (1995-08-30). "Evelyn Wood, Who Promoted Speed Reading, Is Dead at 86". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
- ^ Oliver, Myrna (1995-08-31). "Evelyn Wood; Pioneer in Speed Reading". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
- ^ "Ad, Evelyn Wood Reading Dynamics". The Signpost. Weber State University. 1971-01-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g "The Evelyn Nielsen Wood Papers, ca. 1925-1979". Utah State Historical Society. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
- ^ "Norwegian Mission Workers Arrive in New York City". Salt Lake Tribune. 15 October 1939.
- ^ Wood, Evelyn (14 September 1966). "I Am Evelyn Wood (ad)". The Austin Statesman.
- ^ West, Ira (27 September 1967). "Evelyn Wood Schools' Speed-Reading Claims Spark a Controversy". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ "Read Faster and Better". Time. Vol. 76, no. 8. 22 August 1960.
- ^ "'Unshackled' Readers Gain Speed". Washington Post. 7 August 1960.
- ^ Gibson, George W. (25 July 1960). "On Reading Speeds (letter to the editor)". Salesweek.
- ^ Gibson, George W. (April 1961). "Some Ideas on Reading Courses". The Harvard Business School Bulletin. 37 (2): 21.
- ^ Ehrlich, Eugene (2 June 1962). "Speed Reading Is The Bunk". Saturday Evening Post.
- ^ Edson, Peter (1 July 1961). "Simple English Doesn't Exist". The Evening Republican (Columbus, Indiana). Newspaper Enterprise Association.
- ^ Wohl, Esther (21 May 1961). "Here's Johnny Who CAN Read". Press and Sun-Bulletin (Binghamton, NY).
- ^ "Legal notice". The Morning News (Wilmington, DE). 19 February 1963.
- ^ "Famous Artists Adds Reading". Hartford Courant. 11 May 1967.
- ^ "Famous Artists Acquisition of Education Firm Approved". Wall Street Journal. 25 September 1967.
- ^ "Corporate Repair Work". Forbes. 15 November 1975.
- ^ "Carters Top Pupils, Reading Teacher Says". The Atlanta Constitution. 20 June 1977.
- ^ "Death notice: Alan Northcote Sidnam". New York Times. 28 August 2008.
- ^ McLellan, Dennis (14 August 1986). "A Quick Read Through the Life of Evelyn Wood". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher (1995-12-31). "The Lives They Lived: Evelyn Wood;Finger Reading". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
- ^ "Ad, Evelyn Wood Reading Dynamics". Daily Utah Chronicle. University of Utah. 25 March 1970.
- ^ "Show on Reading to Be Repeated". Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN). 2 April 1961.
- ^ "Reading Time: 17 Secs". Newsweek. 26 June 1961.
- ^ "Ad, Evelyn Wood Reading Dynamics". Chicago Tribune. 31 March 1968.
- ^ Crowley, Raymond J. (10 June 1961). "Lawmakers Forced to Read Faster". The Express (Lock Haven, PA). AP.
- ^ "Senators Taking Reading Course In Order to Move Ahead With Ted". Washington Post. 8 February 1963.
- ^ Wicker, Bob (28 September 1970). "Speed Reading Course for Nixon Aides Proves Trying". Troy Record (Troy, NY).
- ^ McLellan, Dennis (1986-08-14). "A Quick Read Through the Life of Evelyn Wood". The LA Times. Retrieved 2017-03-11.