Euptoieta claudia, the variegated fritillary, is a North and South American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Even though the variegated fritillary has some very different characteristics from the Speyeria fritillaries, it is still closely related to them. Some of the differences are: variegated fritillaries have two or three broods per year vs. one per year in Speyeria; they are nomadic vs. sedentary; and they use a wide range of host plants vs. just violets. And because of their use of passionflowers as a host plant, variegated fritillaries also have taxonomic links to the heliconians. Their flight is low and swift, but even when resting or nectaring, this species is extremely difficult to approach, and, because of this, its genus name was taken from the Greek word euptoietos meaning "easily scared".[2]
| Variegated fritillary | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Nymphalidae |
| Genus: | Euptoieta |
| Species: | E. claudia
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| Binomial name | |
| Euptoieta claudia (Cramer, 1775)
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Description
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The upperside of the wings is checkered with orange and black. Both the forewing and hindwing have a row of submarginal black spots and black median lines running across the wings.[3][4] The underside of the forewing is orange with a pale orange spot rimmed in black in the forewing cell. The underside of the hindwing is mottled with browns and grays with a pale postmedian band. There is no silvering.[4] The wingspan measures 1.75–2.25 inches (44–57 mm).[5]
Similar species
editIn the variegated fritillary's range, the only similar species is the Mexican fritillary (Euptoieta hegesia). The Mexican fritillary is brighter orange, the upper side of its hindwing basal area is unmarked, and the underside of its wings is plainer, with no submarginal spots or median black lines.[3][4]
Flight period
editThis species may be seen flying from April to October in the south, while in the north it flies from summer to early fall.[6][7]
Habitat
editThis butterfly is often found in open, disturbed habitats such as clover and alfalfa fields, pastures, fields, waste areas, roadsides, and mountain meadows.[2][8]
Nectar plants
editHere is a list of some of the flowers that the variegated fritillary uses as nectar plants:
- Dogbane, Apocynum species
- Common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca
- Asters, Aster sp.
- Bearded beggarticks, Bidens aristosa
- Thistles, Cirsium sp.
- Coneflowers, Echinacea sp.
- Fleabane, Erigeron sp.
- Common boneset, Eupatorium perfoliatum
- Alfalfa, Medicago sativa
- Red clover, Trifolium pratense
- Ironweed, Vernonia sp.[8][9]
- Sedum, Sedum[10]
Life cycle
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Preparing to mate -
Beginning mating -
Mating
Males actively patrol for females.[2] Females lay their pale-green or cream-colored eggs singly on host plant leaves and stems. The larva eats the leaves, flowers, and stems of the food plant.[2][11] The larva is red with black subdorsal and spiracular stripes infused with white spotting. In many individuals, the white is more conspicuous than the black. The red middorsal stripe bears white (sometimes black) oval-shaped spots, one per segment.[12][page needed] It has six rows of black spines and has a pair of long, clubbed spines on the head.[13][page needed][11] The chrysalis is mainly shiny white, with small black spots, a variable amount of brown markings, and orange and gold tubercules. Adults overwinter in the south and fly north each spring and summer.[11] It has 2–3 broods per year.[4]
Host plants
editThis is a list of host plants used by the variegated fritillary:
- Five-wing spiderling, Boerhaavia intermedia
- Arizona swallow-wort, Melastoma arizonicum
- Babyslippers, Hybanthus verticillatus
- Southern flax, Linum australe
- Stiffstem flax, Linum rigidum
- Grooved yellow flax, Linum sulcatum
- Canadian moonseed, Menispermum canadense
- Mexican moonseed, Menispermum mexicanum
- Blue passionflower, Passiflora caerulea
- Foetid passionflower, Passiflora foetida
- Purple passionflower, Passiflora incarnata
- Plantain, Plantago species
- Mayapple, Podophyllum peltatum
- Common purslane, Portulaca oleracea
- Yellow alder, Turnera ulmifolia
- Lance-leaf stonecrop, Sedum lanceolatum
- American field pansy, Viola bicolor
- Common blue violet, Viola sororia
- Heartsease, Viola tricolor subspecies[8][11]
References
edit- ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0 Euptoieta claudia Variegated Fritillary". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
- ^ a b c d Rich Cech and Guy Tudor (2005). The Butterflies of the East Coast. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. ISBN 0-691-09055-6
- ^ a b Bob Stewart, Priscilla Brodkin, and Hank Brodkin (2001). Butterflies of Arizona. West Coast Lady Press.
- ^ a b c d Jim P. Brock and Kenn Kaufman (2003). Butterflies of North America. Houghton Mifflin, New York, NY. ISBN 0-618-15312-8
- ^ Ernest M. Shull (1987). The Butterflies of Indiana. Indiana Academy of Science. ISBN 0-253-31292-2
- ^ Haddad, N. M., & Baum, K. A. (1999). An experimental test of corridor effects on butterfly densities. Ecological Applications, 9(2), 623-633.
- ^ "Variegated Fritillary". www.naba.org. Retrieved 2020-08-05.
- ^ a b c David C. Iftner, John A. Shuey, and John V. Calhoun (1992). Butterflies and Skippers of Ohio. College of Biological Sciences and The Ohio State University. ISBN 0-86727-107-8
- ^ Judy Burris and Wayne Richards (2006). The Life Cycle of Butterflies. Storey Publishing, North Adams, MA. ISBN 1-58017-618-6
- ^ "Plant Characteristics and Associations - Calflora". www.calflora.org. Retrieved 2016-03-30.
- ^ a b c d James A. Scott (1986). The Butterflies of North America. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. ISBN 0-8047-2013-4
- ^ David L. Wagner (2005). Caterpillars of Eastern North America. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. ISBN 0-691-12143-5
- ^ Thomas J. Allen, Jim P. Brock, and Jeffrey Glassberg (2005). Caterpillars in the Field and Garden. Oxford University Press Inc., New York, NY. ISBN 0-19-514987-4
External links
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- Variegated Fritillary, Butterflies of Canada