Ethnonymic surnames are surnames or bynames that originate from ethnonyms. They may originate from nicknames based on the descent of a person from a given ethnic group. Other reasons could be that a person came to a particular place from the area with different ethnic prevalence, from owing a property in such area, or had a considerable contact with persons or area of other ethnicity. Also, they may reflect the fact that a given person matched a particular ethnic stereotype.[1][2]
In some research ethnonymic surnames are grouped together with toponymic surnames into "surname by origin",[3] because many ethnonyms may be viewed as demonyms as well;[4] e.g., Litwin is either a person of Lithuanian ethnicity or one from Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Etnnonymic surnames/nicknames may give rise to patronymic surnames: Arnaudov (from Arnaut, i. e. Albanian), Crnogorčević (from Crnogorac, Montenegrin), Horvatović (from Croat), Grković (from Greek).
Latvia
editA number of bynames were derived from the ethnonyms, usually from ethnic minorities, e.g., from "Liv"/"Livonian": Lībietis, Libete, Libes, Lybete, Libeth....[5][6] Kursis Curonians, Leitis (Leičiai), Prūsis (Prussians).[7]
Laimute Balode and Laura Grīviņa noted that during the process of Latvianization many surnames relating to ethnonyms were replaced, despite their Lithuanian etymology, due to their perceived negative connotations. These include Krievs ‘Russian’, Žīdiņš < žīds ‘Jew’, Čigāns ‘Roma person’, Svede ‘Swede’. Pusvācietis ‘Half-German’ has the pejorative meaning of ‘a Latvian pretending to be German’.[8]
Balode and Irvina remarked that the 1929 book by Latvian linguist Ernests Blese about the ancient surnames of the 16th century notes that the Latvian word vācietis ("German") was not recorded as a surname, because Germans did not mix with Latvians. However in modern times the Latvian surname Vācietis does exist.[8]
Lithuania
editEthnonymic surnames constitute about 1.2% in Lithuania. Čigonas (Gypsy), Žydas, Vokietis/Vokietys (German), Turkas, Gudas (Belarusian), Lenkas (Pole), Latvis, Maskolius (Muscovite), Rusas, Paliokas (Pole) [9]
Names of ancient Baltic tribes also used as surnames: Aistis (lt:Aisčiai Aesti), Jotvingas (Yatvingians), Notangas (Natangians).[10]
Yulia Gurskaya recorded a considerable number of ethnonymic surnames in historical documents of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (areas of modern Latgalia/Lithuania/Belarus/Ukraine). [11]
A significant number of ethnonymic surnames originated from the ethnonym "Lithuanian" in various languages.
Great Britain
editEnglish surnames, such as Scot/Scott, Welsh, Dane, Dutch, or Irish most probably mean that the ancestors of the surname moved to England at some time, and they have these nicknames accordingly.[12][13]
Brannick is anglicized of Gaelic Breathnach (Breithneach, "Briton[14] Also Fleming, Galbraith.
Hungary
editThere are several dozen names of ethnonymic origin among Hungarian surnames. the constitute about 0.5% of all different Hungarian surnames, however people with these surnames are about 7-8% of the whole population. Three of them, Tóth (Slavic, Slovak, 2.19% of population), Horváth ( Croat, 2.01%) and Németh (German, 0.96%) are among the 10 most frequent surnames in 2007. Compared to other European countries, ethnonymic surnames in Hungary constitute a relagively significant category.[1]
Other most frequent ethnonymic surnames are Oláh Romanian, Rácz Serb Török Ottoman, Turkish Magyar Hungarian Orosz Rusyn, Russian Lengyel Polish Székely Sekler Kun Cuman Cseh Bohemian, Czech Szász Saxon Polák Polish Bajor/Beyer Bayer Bavarian Olasz Italian Tatár Tatar Görög Greek Rusznyák Rusyn Unger Hungarian, Böhm Bohemian, Czech, Czigány Gypsy Szlávik Slavic Móré Romanian, Gypsy Uhrin Hungarian.[1]
Some Hungarian ethnonymic names may have originated from nicknames associated with the secondary meaning of the term: görög (= Greek, but also merchant), oláh (Romanian, Vlach, also shepherd), orosz (Russian, but also belonging to Eastern Orthodox Church), tatár also used to mean "pagan", bat later acquired the meaning of a violent person.[1]
The ethnicity gave rise to surnames in various European cultures: Mađar/Maďar/Madžar Magyar Ungar Ungaro Ungaretti Unger Ungerman, Ungermann Ungur Ungureanu Vengerov
Romania
editRomanian philologist Ioan Bilețchi-Albescu specifically dealt with this subject. He classified the origins of Romanian ethnonymic surnames in four categories: (1) ethnic affiliation, either immediate or distant; (2) place of origin; (3) ethnic stereotypes; (4) sympathies towards a particular ethnicity. He gave an example of the last category: the nickname/surname Cazacul/Cazacu, "Cossack" (7,543 persons with the surname in 2013), may refer to the ethnicity of the person, but may also be given to a Romanian who admired the bravery of Cossacks.[15]
South Slavic provenance
editThere was an unusually high number of people with surnames/nicknames Sârbul/Sârbu (Serb) or Sârbescu (descendant of Sârb). It was explained that South Slavs fleeing the Ottoman Empire were indiscriminately called "Serbs" regardless their actual ethnicity.[15] Another surname related to Serbs is Rațiu, which derives from the Hungarian-language term rác ("Rascian", a historical term for Serbs).[16][17]
In 2013, 14,719 persons had the surname Sârbu, and 1,333 had the surname Bulgaru.[15]
Nomadic/itinerant peoples
editComan (from Cumans): 579 persons; Tătaru: 3,350; Calmâș (Kalmyk): 664, Calmăș: 1. Nogai (from Nogais): 455; Nohaiu: 1,774.[15]
Also Țiganu (Gypsy), Comănescu (descendant of a person named Cuman).
Other
editArmenians functioned as a "middleman minority" and tradespeople in many places of Europe, as well as in the Ottoman Empire. In particular, in Romanian records of the 18th century there were many Armenians without surname and identified by the ethnicity, e.g., "David, arman, cafegiu (David, Armenian, coffee shop owner)". Eventually there references turned into the Romanian surname Arman/Armanu. In 2013 Romania the surnames Arman had 442 persons, Armanu 367 persons, and more contemporary form Armeanu from armean, Armenian, had 36 persons.[15]
Russians/Rusyns/Ruthenians: Rusu: 23,589; Russu: 7,250; Rus: 86, Russo: 50; Ruso: 3. Other older and rarer surnames include Rusan, Rusoi, Rusuleț. Maria Cosniceanu notes that in documents of 14th-16th centuries the appellation "Rus" sometimes was not an ethnonym but from an archaic adjective meaning a darker shade of blond hair (cf. Russian русый).[15]
The nickname Turcul meant not only a person of Turkish ethnicity, but also to a person who had traits stereotypically attributed to Turks: stubborn, arrogant, disregardful, etc. Also 'turcul' was synonymous to "pagan". Turcu: 1,023; Turculeț: 1,156.[15]
Cerchez (Circassian) appeared in Romania as a nickname because Circassians were common in the cavalry of the Ottoman Empire. In 2013 there were 877 persons with the surname.[15]
Arnăut (Albanians), Ceh (Czech), Frâncu/Frîncu, Grecu (Greek), Leahu (Pole), Neamțu (German), Muscalu (Russian, Muscovite), Ungur, Maghiar (Hungarian)
Other languages
editFinnish language: Suomalainen (Finn) Ruotsalainen (Swede) Venäläinen (Russian) Virolainen (Estonian)
Greek surnames: Albanian: Alvanos/Albanos, Arnaoutis, Arvanitis; Bulgarian: Voulgaris, Vlachs (Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians): Vlachos; Serb: Servos; Montenegro: Mavrovouniotis; Armenis (Armenian), Livanos (Lebanese), Frangos (Frank; basically a catch-all term for any Catholic in Greece), Maltezos (Maltese), Roussos (Russian)
In Russia, 2% of Don Cossack surnames are ethnonymic, most common being Gruzinov (Грузинов, from "Georgian"), Nemchinov (Немчинов, from "German"), Tatarinov (Татаринов) Grekov (Греков), Kalmykov (Калмыков), Litvinov (Литвинов), Lyakhov (Ляхов).[18] Also Mordvinov (Mordovian), Polyakov
Turkish language: Türkmen Türkmenoğlu (surname)
South Slavic-language surnames
editCrnogorac (Montenegrin).
Croatian language: Srb (Serb), Tot (Slovak, from Hungarian Tóth), Čeh (Czech), Mađar (Hungarian), Bošnjak (Bosniak)
Slovak language: Slovák, Nemec, Polák, Rusnák, Chorvát[2]
References
edit- ^ a b c d Farkas, Tamás. 2013. Surnames of Ethnonymic Origin in the Hungarian Language .” In: Numele Si Numirea: Actele Conferinței Internaționale de Onomasticǎ .
- ^ a b Milán Šišmiš, II - Slovak Surnames: What They Can Tell A Family Historian, SLOVO, vol.32, no. 10, December 2009(an excerpt from the article published in Naše rodina, December 1996)
- ^ Tamás Farkas, A Surname Typology Project: The Lessons Learnt from the Distribution of the Most Frequent Hungarian Surnames
- ^ Alina Naruszewicz-Duchlińska, Surnames of Inhabitans of Lidzbark District (1500-1772), 2009
- ^ A (very brief) guide to some Livonian naming patterns, citing Strenga, G. 2021. "Turning transport workers into Latvians? Ethnicity and transport workers’ guilds in Riga before and after the Reformation" Journal of Baltic Studies 52(1):61–83.
- ^ Ernests Blese, 1929. Latviešu personu vārdu un uzvārdu studijas, I [Studies of personal names and surnames of Latvians, I] (Rīga: A.Gulbis)
- ^ Rebecca Lucas Given names and bynames from 15-17th century Latvia.
- ^ a b Laimute Balode, Laura Grīviņa, THE CHANGE OF SURNAMES AND ITS CONSEQUENCES IN LATVIA IN THE 1920S AND 1930S, In: Insights into the Baltic and Finnic Languages, 2022, pp. 21-40
- ^ Alvydas Butkus, The Lithuanian Nicknames of Ethnonymic Origin, Indogermanische Forschungen; Strassburg Vol. 100, (Jan 1, 1995): 223-228.
- ^ WILLIAM R. SCHMALSTIEG , LITHUANIAN NAMESLituanus, Volume 28, No.3 - Fall 1982
- ^ Гурская Юлия Александровна, ФАМИЛИИ ОТЭТНОНИМИЧЕСКОГО ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ВЕЛИКОГО КНЯЖЕСТВА ЛИТОВСКОГО, Вестник КГУ им. Н.А. Некрасова № 3, 2010 160-163
- ^ Nancy Battick Ethnic heritage, The County
- ^ Matthiew HammondThe use of the name "Scot" in the central middle ages, part two: "Scot" as a Surname, north of the Firth of Forth, Journal of Scottish Name Studies, 6, pp. 11-50, 2012
- ^ Dictionary of American Family Names 217
- ^ a b c d e f g h Maria Cosniceanu, Nume de familie provenite de la etnonime (I) ("Family Names Derived from Ethnonyms"), Philologia, 2013, nr. 1-2(266), pp. 75-81
- ^ Janitsek Jenő, "A magyar eredetű román családnevekről", In: Az V. magyar névtudományi konferencia előadásai (Miskolc, 1995. augusztus 28–30). Szerk. B. GERGELY PIROSKA–HAJDÚ MIHÁLY. MNyTK 209. sz. Bp.–Miskolc. 1: 101–107.
- ^ Alexandru Cristureanu, "Istoria reflectată în antroponima și toponimia județului Sălaj", in Acta Mvsei Porolissensis, Vol. IX, 1985, p. 758
- ^ Людмила Коншина Перечень Донских казачьих фамилий по данным ГОРО