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Demographics of Malaysia

(Redirected from Ethnic groups in Malaysia)

The demographics of Malaysia are represented by the multiple ethnic groups that exist in the country. The official estimate of 2024 Malaysia's population is about 34,100,000 people.[1] According to the 2020 census, is 32,447,385 including non-citizens, which makes it the 43rd most populated country in the world.[2] Of these, 5.72 million live in East Malaysia and 22.5 million live in Peninsular Malaysia.[3] The population distribution is uneven, with some 79% of its citizens concentrated in Peninsular Malaysia, which has an area of 131,598 square kilometres (50,810.27 sq mi), constituting under 40% of the total area of Malaysia.[4]

Demographics of Malaysia
Population pyramid of Malaysia in 2020
Population34,100,000 (2024 est.)
Growth rate1.03% (2023 est.)
Birth rate13.2 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Death rate5.8 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)
Life expectancy76.13 years
 • male74.5 years
 • female77.87 years
Fertility rate1.70 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate6.59 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate1.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years22.46%
15–64 years69.42%
65 and over8.12%
Sex ratio
Total1.05 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.07 male(s)/female
Under 151.06 male(s)/female
65 and over1.14 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityMalaysian
Major ethnicBumiputera (69.9%)
Minor ethnic
  • Chinese (22.8%)
  • Indian (6.6%)
Language
OfficialMalay

The Malaysian population is growing at a rate of 1.94% per annum as of 2017. According to latest projection of the 2010 census, the fertility rates of the 3 largest Malaysian groups are as follows: Malay/Bumiputera: 2.4 children per woman, Chinese: 1.4 children per woman and Indian: 1.8 children per woman. Malay fertility rates are 40% higher than Malaysian Indians and 56% higher than Malaysian Chinese. Population projections in 2023 show that the Malays and Bumiputeras comprised a total of 69.9% of the total population, Chinese 22.8% and Indians 6.6%.[5] The Chinese population has shrunk proportionally from 1957, when it was about 40% of Malaya,[6] although in absolute numbers they have increased around threefold by 2017 in Malaysia (2.4 million in 1957 to 6.6 million in 2017, the later figure includes East Malaysia) but have been dwarfed by the fivefold increase of Malays (from around 3.1 million in 1957 to 15.5 million in 2017).[6][7]

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Censuses were taken in Malaysia in 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000, 2010, and 2020.[8] The total population is around 32.4 million according to the 2020 census.[9] The population distribution is highly uneven, with some 20 million residents concentrated in Peninsula Malaysia.[10] 74.7% of the population is urban.[11] Due to the rise in labour-intensive industries,[12] Malaysia is estimated to have over 3 million migrant workers, which is about 10% of the Malaysian population.[13] The exact numbers are unknown: there are a million legal foreign workers and perhaps another million unauthorised foreigners. The state of Sabah alone had nearly 25% of its 2.7 million population listed as illegal foreign workers in the last census. Sabah based NGOs estimate that out of the 3 million population, 2 million are illegal immigrants.[14]

Additionally, according to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI), Malaysia hosts a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 155,700. Of this population, approximately 70,500 refugees and asylum seekers are from the Philippines, 69,700 from Burma, and 21,800 from Indonesia.[15] The USCRI named Malaysia as one of the ten worst places for refugees on account of the country's discriminatory practices toward them. Malaysian officials are reported to have turned deportees directly over to human smugglers in 2007, and Malaysia employs RELA, a volunteer militia, to enforce its immigration law.[15]

 
Population in Peninsular Malaysia by parliamentary constituency (2020 census)[citation needed]

Population distribution by states and territories

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Source: National Census 2000,[16] Department of Statistics Malaysia.

 
Population in Peninsular Malaysia by local authority (2020 census)[citation needed]

In 2000

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State Population Area (km2) Pop. density Urban pop. Bumiputra Chinese Indian
Johor 2,740,625 18,987 144
65.2%
57.1%
35.4%
6.9%
Kedah 1,649,756 9,425 175
39.3%
76.6%
14.9%
7.1%
Kelantan 1,313,014 15,024 87
34.2%
95.0%
3.8%
0.3%
Malacca 635,791 1,652 385
67.2%
62.8%
30.1%
6.5%
Negeri Sembilan 859,924 6,644 129
53.4%
57.9%
25.6%
16.0%
Pahang 1,288,376 35,965 36
42.0%
76.8%
17.7%
5.0%
Penang 1,313,449 1,031 1274
80.1%
42.5%
46.5%
10.6%
Perak 2,051,236 21,005 98
58.7%
54.7%
32.0%
13.0%
Perlis 204,450 795 257
34.3%
85.5%
10.3%
1.3%
Selangor 4,188,876 7,960 526
87.6%
53.5%
30.7%
14.6%
Terengganu 898,825 12,955 69
48.7%
96.8%
2.8%
0.2%
Sabah 2,603,485 73,619 35
48.0%
80.5%
13.2%
0.5%
Sarawak 2,071,506 124,450 17
48.1%
72.9%
26.7%
0.2%
FT Kuala Lumpur 1,379,310 243 5676
100.0%
43.6%
43.5%
11.4%
FT Labuan 76,067 92 827
77.7%
79.6%
15.8%
1.3%
FT Putrajaya 45,000 148 304
100.0%
94.8%
1.8%
2.7%
 
Visual distribution of races in Malaya (1945)
  • Putrajaya data is for 2004.
  • Population estimates are rounded to the nearest hundred.

In 2010

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Source: National Census 2010,[17] Department of Statistics Malaysia

State[18] Population Area (km2) Pop. density Urban pop.(%) Bumiputra (%) Chinese (%) Indian (%)
Johor 3,348,283 18,987 174 71.9 58.9 33.6 7.1
Kedah 1,890,098 9,425 199 64.6 77.9 13.6 7.3
Kelantan 1,459,994 15,024 97 42.4 95.7 3.4 0.3
Malacca 788,706 1,652 470 86.5 66.9 26.4 6.2
Negeri Sembilan 997,071 6,644 150 66.5 61.3 23.2 15.2
Pahang 1,443,365 35,965 40 50.5 79.0 16.2 4.4
Penang 1,520,143 1,031 1,500 90.8 43.6 45.6 10.4
Perak 2,258,428 21,005 110 69.7 57.0 30.4 12.2
Perlis 227,025 795 280 51.4 88.4 8.0 1.2
Selangor 5,411,324 7,960 670 91.4 57.1 28.6 13.5
Terengganu 1,015,776 12,955 69 59.1 97.0 2.6 0.2
Sabah 3,117,405 73,619 42 54.0 84.8 12.8 0.3
Sarawak 2,420,009 124,450 19 53.8 74.8 24.5 0.3
FT Kuala Lumpur 1,627,172 243 6,891 100.0 45.9 43.2 10.3
FT Labuan 86,908 92 950 82.3 83.7 13.4 0.9
FT Putrajaya 67,964 148 1,400 100.0 98.0 0.7 1.2

In 2020

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Source: National Census 2020,[19] Department of Statistics Malaysia

State[19] Population Area (km2) Pop. density Urban pop.(%) Bumiputra (%) Chinese (%) Indian (%) Pop. Growth(%)
Johor 4,009,670 18,987 210 77.4 60.1 32.8 6.6 19.753%
Kedah 2,131,427 9,425 225 67.3 80.1 12.3 6.3 12.7681%
Kelantan 1,792,501 15,024 119 44.1 96.6 2.5 0.3 22.7745%
Malacca 998,428 1,652 604 90.9 71.7 22.1 5.6 26.5906%
Negeri Sembilan 1,199,974 6,644 180 69.3 63.3 21.9 14.3 20.3499%
Pahang 1,591,295 35,965 44 52.8 81.0 14.7 3.7 10.249%
Penang 1,740,405 1,031 1,686 92.5 44.7 44.9 9.7 14.4896%
Perak 2,496,041 21,005 119 72.0 60.9 27.2 11.5 10.5212%
Perlis 284,885 795 348 53.8 88.8 7.4 1.8 25.4862%
Selangor 6,994,423 7,960 882 95.8 60.6 27.3 11.3 29.2553%
Terengganu 1,149,440 12,955 89 64.2 97.6 2.1 0.2
Sabah 3,418,785 73,619 46 54.7 88.7 9.5 0.2
Sarawak 2,453,677 124,450 20 57.0 75.7 23.8 0.2
FT Kuala Lumpur 1,982,112 243 8,157 100.0 47.7 41.6 10.0 21.8133%
FT Labuan 95,120 92 1038 88.9 86.2 11.7 1.1
FT Putrajaya 109,202 49 2,215 100.0 97.9 0.6 1.2 25.6524%
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Year < 15 Years 15 - 64 Years > 64 Years Population (in millions)
2001
32.7%
63.4%
3.9%
 24.12
2002
31.9%
64.1%
4.0%
 24.72
2004
30.4%
65.5%
4.1%
 25.91
2005
29.7%
66.1%
4.2%
 26.48
2006
29.2%
66.5%
4.3%
 26.83
2007
28.7%
66.9%
4.4%
 27.00
2008
28.2%
67.3%
4.5%
 27.54
2009
27.7%
67.7%
4.6%
 27.90
2010
27.2%
68.1%
4.7%
 28.25
2015
24.9%
69.3%
5.8%
 31.20
2016
24.5%
69.5%
6.0%
 31.71

Data from July 2010.[20]

Structure of the population

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Population pyramid
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2011) (Data refer to projections based on the 2000 Population Census.):[21]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 14 523 912 14 028 800 28 552 712 100
0–4 1 257 227 1 197 893 2 455 120 8.60
5–9 1 258 724 1 200 377 2 459 101 8.61
10–14 1 407 479 1 333 133 2 740 612 9.60
15–19 1 382 650 1 298 541 2 681 191 9.39
20–24 1 305 753 1 255 439 2 561 192 8.97
25–29 1 225 425 1 202 220 2 427 645 8.50
30–34 1 156 987 1 133 836 2 290 823 8.02
35–39 1 084 255 1 055 838 2 140 093 7.50
40–44 1 021 261 980 714 2 001 975 7.01
45–49 923 951 878 655 1 802 606 6.31
50–54 780 930 741 641 1 522 571 5.33
55–59 627 320 599 062 1 226 382 4.30
60–64 440 893 421 490 862 383 3.02
65–69 276 593 276 416 553 009 1.94
70–74 180 583 198 929 379 512 1.33
75–79 104 871 127 903 232 774 0.82
80–84 56 445 73 578 130 023 0.46
85–89 22 803 31 736 54 539 0.19
90+ 9 762 21 399 31 161 0.11
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 3 923 430 3 731 403 7 654 833 26.81
15–64 9 949 425 9 567 436 19 516 861 68.35
65+ 651 057 729 961 1 381 018 4.84
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2015) (Estimates based on the adjusted Population and Housing Census of 2010.):[22]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 15 994 299 15 001 407 30 995 706 100
0–4 1 342 280 1 250 354 2 592 634 8.36
5–9 1 290 296 1 220 033 2 510 329 8.10
10–14 1 361 753 1 289 823 2 651 576 8.55
15–19 1 467 520 1 374 861 2 842 381 9.17
20–24 1 666 826 1 512 363 3 179 189 10.26
25–29 1 636 156 1 453 738 3 089 894 9.97
30–34 1 421 538 1 277 508 2 699 046 8.71
35–39 1 122 020 1 012 167 2 134 187 6.89
40–44 966 696 919 886 1 886 582 6.09
45–49 866 201 857 006 1 723 207 5.56
50–54 802 194 754 597 1 556 791 5.02
55–59 662 308 642 015 1 304 323 4.21
60–64 504 442 495 056 999 498 3.22
65–69 370 875 378 953 749 828 2.42
70–74 225 299 236 337 461 636 1.49
75–79 151 764 168 867 320 631 1.03
80–84 73 949 85 206 159 155 0.51
85–89 38 547 47 792 86 339 0.28
90–94 13 383 14 359 27 742 0.09
95+ 10 252 10 486 20 738 0.07
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 3 994 329 3 760 210 7 754 539 25.02
15–64 11 115 901 10 299 197 21 415 098 69.09
65+ 884 069 942 000 1 826 069 5.89
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020) (Estimates based on the adjusted results of the Population and Housing Census of 2010.):[23]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 16 805 601 15 851 659 32 657 260 100
0–4 1 313 211 1 228 960 2 542 171 7.78
5–9 1 321 691 1 232 295 2 553 986 7.82
10–14 1 288 772 1 215 312 2 504 084 7.67
15–19 1 468 340 1 367 361 2 835 701 8.68
20–24 1 649 108 1 483 506 3 132 614 9.59
25–29 1 729 641 1 518 081 3 247 722 9.94
30–34 1 503 303 1 374 201 2 877 504 8.81
35–39 1 325 416 1 243 400 2 568 816 7.87
40–44 1 041 407 969 239 2 010 646 6.16
45–49 900 990 878 715 1 779 705 5.45
50–54 809 250 824 736 1 633 986 5.00
55–59 744 683 723 021 1 467 704 4.49
60–64 604 050 605 327 1 209 377 3.70
65-69 442 747 458 890 901 637 2.76
70-74 310 254 336 607 646 861 1.98
75-79 171 384 194 969 366 353 1.12
80-84 101 116 119 005 220 121 0.67
85+ 80 238 78 034 158 272 0.48
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 3 923 674 3 676 567 7 600 241 23.27
15–64 11 776 188 10 987 587 22 763 775 69.71
65+ 1 105 739 1 187 505 2 293 244 7.02
Age specific population by ethnic group 2021
Age groups 0–14 15–64 65-over
Malays 31% 63.9% 5.1%
Chinese 12.3% 72.7% 15%
Indians 16.6% 75.4% 8%
List of races by age at first marriage
Races Men Women Average Year
Malays 22.4 19.3 20.9 2020
Chinese 34.6 31.7 33.2 2019
Indians 27.3 23.2 25.3 2020

Key demographic rates

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  • Population growth rate^: 1.542% (2012 data)
  • Age Structure^:
    • 0–14 years: 23.0% (male 4,118,086/female 3,884,403)
    • 15–64 years: 69.6% (male 7,838,166/female 7,785,833)
    • 65 years and over: 7.4% (male 1,458,038/female 1,418,280) (2021 est.)[24]
  • Net migration rate: -0.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
    • note: does not reflect net flow of an unknown number of illegal immigrants from other countries in the region
  • Human sex ratio:
    • at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
    • under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
    • 15–64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
    • 65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
    • total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2012 est.)
  • Infant mortality rate:^ 14.57 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 data)
  • Life expectancy at birth:
    • total population: 74.04 years (at 1:1 male-to-female ratio)
    • male: ^ 71.28 years (2012 data)
    • female: ^ 76.99 years (2012 data)
  • Total fertility rate:
    • 2.64 children born/woman (2012 est.)
In 1987, Malays had a TFR of 4.51, Chinese had TFR of 2.25 and Indians had TFR of 2.77. The corresponding figures in Singapore was 2.16, 1.48 and 1.95.[25]

Data for (^) obtained from Department of Statistics releases. See notes.[26][27] All key rates sampled per 1000 of population.

Vital statistics

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UN estimates

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Population growth from 1961 to 2003

Data from United Nation:[28]

Period Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR1 CDR1 NC1 TFR1 IMR1
1950–1955 280 000 92 000 188 000 42.7 14.0 25.3 6.23 96.4
1955–1960 318 000 89 000 229 000 41.9 11.7 28.9 6.23 79.5
1960–1965 361 000 86 000 275 000 40.8 9.7 29.9 6.23 64.3
1965–1970 351 000 82 000 268 000 34.2 8.0 28.1 5.21 51.0
1970–1975 365 000 82 000 283 000 31.4 7.1 25.9 4.56 40.4
1975–1980 385 000 83 000 302 000 29.4 6.3 21.7 3.93 31.9
1980–1985 436 000 86 000 350 000 29.5 5.8 26.4 3.73 25.3
1985–1990 488 000 91 000 397 000 28.7 5.3 26.9 3.59 19.9
1990–1995 535 000 97 000 438 000 27.5 5.0 22.8 3.42 15.7
1995–2000 559 000 104 000 454 000 25.3 4.7 19.8 3.18 12.4
2000–2005 572 000 114 000 458 000 19.4 4.5 14.9 2.45
2005–2010 571 000 127 000 443 000 17.6 4.6 13.0 2.22
2010–2015 17.1 4.7 12.4 2.11
2015–2020 16.8 5.1 11.7 2.01
2020–2025 15.9 5.5 10.4 1.92
2025–2030 14.5 5.9 8.6 1.85
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Registered births and deaths

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Data from Department of Statistics Malaysia:[29][30][31]

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Crude migration rate (per 1000) Total fertility rate (TFR)
1947 4,908,100 43.0 19.4 23.6
1948 4,987,400 40.4 16.3 24.2 -8.0
1949 5,081,800 43.8 14.2 29.6 -10.7
1950 5,226,500 42.0 15.8 26.2 2.3
1951 5,337,200 43.6 15.3 28.3 -7.1
1952 5,506,400 44.4 13.6 30.8 0.9
1953 5,706,000 43.7 12.4 31.3 4.9
1954 5,888,600 43.8 12.2 31.6 0.4
1955 6,058,300 43.0 11.5 31.6 -2.8
1956 6,251,600 45.5 11.3 34.3 -2.4
1957 6,278,800 46.2 12.4 33.7 -29.3
1958 6,504,600 43.3 11.0 32.3 3.7 6.275
1959 6,702,600 42.1 9.7 32.4 -2.0 6.175
1960 8,118,000 40.9 9.5 31.4 179.8 6.045
1961 8,378,500 41.8 9.2 32.6 -0.5 6.195
1962 8,651,800 40.4 9.4 31.0 1.6 6.040
1963 8,920,200 38.1 8.5 29.7 1.3 5.970
1964 9,168,400 38.2 7.7 30.5 -2.7 5.970
1965 9,436,600 36.1 7.5 28.5 0.8 5.630
1966 9,732,800 36.7 7.3 29.4 2.0 5.725
1967 10,007,400 34.9 7.2 27.7 0.5 5.385
1968 10,252,800 35.2 7.2 28.0 -3.5 5.385
1969 10,500,200 33.3 7.0 26.3 -2.2 5.055
1970 10,881,800 32.4 6.7 25.7 10.6 4.885
1971 11,159,700 32.8 6.6 26.3 -0.8 4.870
1972 11,441,300 32.2 6.3 25.9 -0.7 4.710
1973 11,719,800 31.1 6.3 24.8 -0.5 4.485
1974 12,001,300 31.3 6.0 25.3 -1.3 4.420
1975 12,300,300 30.7 6.0 24.8 0.1 4.275
1976 12,588,100 30.9 5.7 25.3 -1.9 4.235
1977 12,901,100 30.3 5.8 24.5 0.4 4.090
1978 13,200,200 29.7 5.4 24.3 -1.1 3.950
1979 13,518,300 30.4 5.4 25.0 -0.9 3.990
1980 13,879,200 30.6 5.3 25.4 1.3 3.990
1981 14,256,900 31.2 4.9 26.3 0.9 4.015
1982 14,651,100 31.0 5.0 26.0 1.6 3.960
1983 15,048,200 30.2 5.1 25.1 2.0 3.825
1984 15,450,400 31.0 5.0 25.9 0.8 3.905
1985 15,882,700 497,414 31.5 5.0 26.6 1.4 3.980
1986 16,329,400 30.6 4.7 25.8 2.3 3.850
1987 16,773,500 488,200 29.3 4.5 24.7 2.5 3.680
1988 17,219,100 507,579 29.7 4.6 25.0 1.6 3.705
1989 17,662,100 469,663 26.8 4.6 22.2 3.5 3.355
1990 18,102,400 497,522 83,244 414,278 27.9 4.6 23.3 1.6 3.490
1991 18,547,200 511,527 84,221 427,306 27.6 4.5 23.0 1.6 3.447
1992 19,067,500 528,475 86,040 442,435 27.7 4.5 23.2 4.9 3.473
1993 19,601,500 541,887 87,626 454,261 27.6 4.5 23.2 4.8 3.466
1994 20,141,700 537,654 90,079 447,575 26.7 4.5 22.2 5.4 3.353
1995 20,681,800 539,295 95,103 444,192 26.1 4.6 21.5 5.3 3.278
1996 21,222,600 540,866 95,520 445,346 25.6 4.5 21.1 5.0 3.226
1997 21,769,300 537,104 97,042 440,062 24.8 4.5 20.4 5.4 3.125
1998 22,333,500 554,573 97,906 456,667 23.5 4.8 18.8 7.1 2.971
1999 22,909,500 554,200 100,900 453,300 22.8 4.9 17.9 7.9 2.896
2000 23,494,900 569,500 102,100 467,400 22.9 4.3 18.6 7.0 2.926
2001 24,030,500 505,479 104,531 400,948 21.0 4.3 16.7 6.1 2.709
2002 24,542,500 494,538 110,367 384,171 20.2 4.5 15.7 5.6 2.609
2003 25,038,100 481,399 112,744 368,655 19.2 4.5 14.7 5.5 2.494
2004 25,541,500 481,800 113,192 368,608 18.9 4.4 14.4 5.7 2.450
2005 26,045,500 474,473 115,436 359,037 18.2 4.4 13.8 5.9 2.362
2006 26,549,900 472,698 117,778 354,920 17.8 4.4 13.4 6.0 2.299
2007 27,058,400 479,647 120,670 358,977 17.7 4.5 13.3 5.9 2.274
2008 27,567,600 493,203 127,098 366,105 17.9 4.6 13.3 5.5 2.274
2009 28,081,500 501,644 131,328 370,316 17.9 4.7 13.2 5.4 2.245
2010 28,588,600 491,239 130,978 360,261 17.2 4.6 12.6 5.5 2.136
2011 29,062,000 511,594 135,463 376,131 17.6 4.7 12.9 3.7 2.174
2012 29,510,000 526,012 138,692 387,320 17.8 4.7 13.1 2.3 2.188
2013 30,213,700 503,914 142,202 361,712 16.7 4.7 12.0 11.8 2.022
2014 30,708,500 528,612 150,318 378,294 17.2 4.9 12.3 4.1 2.072
2015 31,186,100 521,136 155,786 365,350 16.7 5.0 11.7 3.9 2.002
2016 31,633,500 508,203 162,201 346,002 16.1 5.1 11.0 3.3 1.918
2017 32,022,600 508,685 168,168 340,517 15.9 5.3 10.6 1.7 1.890
2018 32,382,300 501,945 172,031 329,914 15.5 5.3 10.2 1.0 1.841
2019 32,523,000 489,863 174,254 315,609 15.1 5.4 9.7 -5.4 1.781
2020 32,447,400 471,504 167,181 304,323 14.5 5.2 9.4 -11.7 1.715
2021 32,576,300 439,744 224,931 214,813 13.5 6.9 6.6 -2.6 1.696
2022 32,698,100 423,124 206,780 216,344 12.9 6.3 6.6 -2.9 1.631
2023 33,379,500 455,761 196,965 258,796 13.6 5.9 7.7 13.4 1.732

Current vital statistics

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[32]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January — June 2023 229,612 99,927 +129,685
January — June 2024 207,118 96,424 +110,694
Difference   -22,494 (-9.8%)   -3,503 (-3.5%)   -18,991

Total fertility rate by ethnic group

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[33] Malays Chinese Indians Total
2010 2.695 1.517 1.733 2.136
2011 2.694 1.557 1.663 2.174
2012 2.743 1.719 1.579 2.188
2013 2.640 1.384 1.474 2.022
2014 2.653 1.414 1.384 2.018
2015 2.553 1.353 1.361 1.941
2016 2.482 1.345 1.337 1.892
2017 2.472 1.200 1.282 1.890
2018 2.415 1.112 1.256 1.841
2019 2.288 1.111 1.198 1.781
2020 2.192 0.981 1.177 1.715
2021 2.074 0.849 1.104 1.696
2022 2.066 0.787 1.076 1.631

Total fertility rate by state

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Total fertility rate (TFR) by state according to year:[34]

State 2011 2015 2020
Putrajaya 1.44 1.37 2.78
Kuala Lumpur 1.53 1.40 1.49
Penang 1.62 1.51 1.25
Sabah 1.81 1.64 1.33
Selangor 1.96 1.82 1.57
Johor 2.18 1.88 1.94
Melaka 2.23 1.93 1.73
Sarawak 2.23 2.01 1.53
Negeri Sembilan 2.30 2.02 1.96
Perak 2.39 2.05 1.66
Pahang 2.50 2.31 1.94
Perlis 2.56 2.33 1.96
Kedah 2.61 2.37 2.03
Terengganu 3.46 2.80 2.86
Kelantan 3.77 3.07 2.66

Life expectancy at birth

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Life expectancy in Malaysia since 1950
 
Life expectancy in Malaysia since 1960 by gender

Average life expectancy at age 0 of the total population.[35]

Period Life expectancy in
Years 		Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 54.8 1985–1990 70.1
1955–1960 57.9 1990–1995 71.3
1960–1965 60.9 1995–2000 72.3
1965–1970 63.3 2000–2005 73.2
1970–1975 65.4 2005–2010 73.7
1975–1980 67.2 2010–2015 74.7
1980–1985 68.8 2015-2020 75.9

Ethnolinguistic groups

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Malaysia's population comprises many ethnic groups. People of Austronesian origin make up the majority of the population, and are known as the Bumiputras. Large Chinese and Indian minorities also exist. Malays, as Bumiputra, see Malaysia as their land, and since race riots in 1969, Bumiputra have been especially privileged in Malaysia – top government positions are reserved for Malays, and the Malays received cheaper housing, priority in government jobs as well as business licenses. However, since the riot, racial stability has prevailed, if not full harmony, and mixed marriages are on the rise.[36] In the 2010 census, 68.8 per cent of the population were considered bumiputera, 23.2 per cent Malaysian Chinese, and 7 per cent Malaysian Indian.[37] In 2021 these figures were 69.7 per cent bumiputera, 22.5 per cent Chinese, and 6.8 per cent Indian.[38]

 
Distribution of the Bumiputera and Chinese population in Malaysia
Group Total
Malay, Malaysian language 6,916,000
Malay, Kedah 3,095,000
Malay, East coast 2,448,000
Han Chinese, Hokkien 1,903,000
Tamil 1,796,000
Han Chinese, Hakka 1,729,000
Han Chinese, Cantonese 1,396,000
Han Chinese, Teochew 1,004,000
Han Chinese, Mandarin 986,000
Minangkabau 901,000
Iban 686,000
Javanese 640,000
Arab people 500,000
Filipino, Tagalog 456,000
Han Chinese, Hainanese 396,000
Han Chinese, Northern Min 384,000
Brunei Malay, Kedayan 350,000
Malay, East Malaysia 280,000
Han Chinese, Eastern Min 256,000
Straits Chinese 244,000
Nepalese[broken anchor] 224,000
Tausug 209,000
Dusun, Central 197,000
Malayali, Malayalam 228,900
Bugis 139,000
Telugus, Telugu 120,000
Murut people 110,131
Punjabis, Indian Punjabis 100,000
Siamese 80,000
Semai 50,000
Temiar 40,000
Lun Bawang/Lundayeh 31,600
Kelabit people 5,000

Bumiputras

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Main article: Bumiputra
 
A storefront of a Kuala Lumpur kopi tiam that depicts the languages and ethnic groups of Malaysia

Bumiputras totaling 69.7% of Malaysia's population as of 2021 are divided into Muslim Malays proper, who make up the majority of the Malaysian population at 57.9%; and other bumiputra, who make up 13.2% of the Malaysian population, and most of whom belong to various Austronesian ethnic groups related to the Muslim Malays.[11] Bumiputra status is also accorded to certain non-Malay indigenous peoples, including ethnic Thais, Khmers, Chams and the natives of Sabah and Sarawak. Laws over who gets Bumiputra status vary between states.[39] Some Eurasians can obtain bumiputra privileges, providing they can prove they are of Portuguese (Kristang) descent.[40]

Malays

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Main articles: Malays (ethnic group) and Malaysian Malays
 
A Malay joget performance.

The Malays are an ethnic group predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula and parts of Sumatra and Borneo. They form the largest community in Malaysia and play a dominant role politically. They make up about half of the total population. By constitutional definition, Malays are Muslims who practice Malay customs (adat) and culture.

Their language, Malay (Bahasa Melayu), is the national language of the country.[41] Citizens of Minangkabau, Bugis or Javanese origins, who can be classified "Malay" under constitutional definitions may also speak their respective ancestral tongues. However, English is also widely spoken in major towns and cities across the country. Malays from different states in Malaysia carry distinct dialects that can sometimes be unintelligible to most of their fellow countrymen. By definition of the Malaysian constitution, all Malays are Muslims.

In the past, Malays wrote in Pallava or using the Sanskrit-based alphabet of Kawi. Arabic traders later introduced Jawi, an Arabic-based script, which became popular after the 15th century. Until then reading and writing were mostly the preserve of scholars and nobility, while most Malay commoners were illiterate. Jawi was taught along with Islam, allowing the script to spread through all social classes. Nevertheless, Kawi remained in use by the upper-class well into the 15th century. The Romanised script was introduced during the colonial period and, over time, it came to replace both Sanskrit and Jawi. This was largely due to the influence of the European education system, wherein children were taught the Latin alphabet.

Malay culture shows strong influences from Buddhism, Hinduism and animism. However, since the Islamisation movement of the 1980s and 90s, these aspects are often neglected or banned altogether. Because any Malay-speaking Muslim is entitled to Bumiputra privileges, many non-Malay Muslims have adopted the Malay language, customs and attire in the last few decades. This is particularly the case with Indian Muslims from the peninsula and the Kedayan of Borneo. The Malay ethnic group is distinct from the concept of a Malay race, which encompasses a wider group of people, including most of Indonesia and the Philippines.

Other Bumiputras

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Main articles: Orang Asal and Orang Asli
 
Ethnic groups in Sabah

Malaysia has many other non-Malay indigenous people, who are given Bumiputra status. The indigenous tribes are the oldest inhabitants of Malaysia, and the indigenous groups of Peninsular Malaysia are known collectively as Orang Asli and in East Malaysia as "Orang Asal". They account for about 11 percent of the nation's population, and represent a majority in East Malaysia of Sabah and Sarawak. In Sarawak, the dominant tribal group are the Dayak people, who are either Iban (also known as Sea Dayak) or Bidayuh (also known as Land Dayak) of which are mainly Christians. The Iban form the largest of all indigenous groups, numbering over 600,000 (35% of Sarawak's population), who mostly still live in traditional longhouses which can hold up to 200 people.[42] Longhouses are mostly places along the Rajang and Lupar rivers and their tributaries, although many Iban have moved to the cities. The Bidayuhs, numbering around 170,000, are concentrated in the southwestern part of Sarawak. They, together with other indigenous groups in Sarawak make up over half of the states population.[11]

The largest indigenous tribe in Sabah is the Kadazan, most of whom are Christians[43] and rice farmers.[44] They live as subsistence farmers. Sabah has a large number of indigenous people, 19.3% of the population are Kadazan-Dusuns, and 16.5% are Bajaus.[45]

There also exist aboriginal groups in much smaller numbers on the peninsula, where they are collectively known as Orang Asli (literally meaning "original person").[46] The 140,000 Orang Asli comprise a number of different ethnic communities. Many tribes, both on the peninsula and in Borneo, were traditionally nomadic or semi-nomadic hunter—gatherers who practice animism, including the Punan, Penan and Senoi. However, their ancestral land and hunting grounds are commonly reclaimed by the state, shifting them to inferior land and sometimes pushing them out of their traditional way of life.[47] The most numerous of the Orang Asli are called 'Negritos' and are deeply related to the ancestors of other modern East Asian people.[48] They consist one of the earliest layers of population. Other bumiputera minorities to a lesser degree include the Malaysian Siamese, Khmers, Chams, Burmese and the Indian Muslims commonly known as Mamaks.

Non-Bumiputras

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Minorities who lack Bumiputra status have established themselves in Malaysia. Those who are not considered to be Bumiputras make up a considerable portion of the Malaysian population – non-Malays once constituted around 50% of the population of peninsula Malaya (1947–1957), but have since declined in percentage term due to a higher birthrate of Malays owing to favorable policies by the government as well as some degree of out-migration by the Chinese.[6] A large number of the non-Bumiputra arrived during the colonial period, but most of the non-Bumiputras were native-born by 1947 as large-scale immigration had effectively ceased by the late 1940s.[6] Some Chinese families, known as Peranakan ("straits-born"), have resided in Malaysia since as far back as 15th century Malacca.

Chinese

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Main article: Malaysian Chinese
 
Malay Chinese
 
Malaysian Chinese in Perak

The second largest ethnic group at 6.69 million are the Chinese who make up 22.8% of the population excluding non-citizens as of 2022. They have been dominant in trade and business since the early 20th century. Malaysian Chinese businesses developed as part of the larger bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.[49] George Town, Ipoh and Iskandar Puteri are Chinese-majority cities,[50] while Penang was the only state in Malaysia with a non-Bumiputera majority population. The Chinese have been settling in Malaysia for many centuries, as seen in the emergence of the Peranakan culture, but the exodus peaked during the nineteenth century through trading and tin-mining. When they first arrived, the Chinese often worked the most grueling jobs like tin mining and railway construction. Later on, some of them owned businesses that became large conglomerates in today's Malaysia. Most Chinese are Tao Buddhist and retain strong cultural ties to their ancestral homeland.

The first Chinese people to settle in the Straits Settlements, primarily in and around Malacca, gradually adopted elements of Malayan culture, and some intermarried with the Malayan community. A distinct sub-ethnic group called babas (male) and nyonyas (female) emerged. Babas and nyonyas as a group are known as Peranakan. They produced a syncretic set of practices, beliefs, and arts, combining Malay and Chinese traditions in such a way as to create a new culture. The Peranakan culture is still visible to this day in the former Straits Settlements of Singapore, Malacca and Penang.

The Chinese community in Malaysia, depending on the predominant dialect in a particular region, speaks a variety of Chinese dialects including Mandarin, Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka and Teochew. In certain regions in Malaysia, some dialects are more widely used; Hokkien predominates in Penang and Kedah, while most Chinese in the former centres of tin mining, such as Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur, speak Cantonese. More recently, however, with the standardised, compulsory use of Mandarin in Chinese schools, a huge majority of Malaysian Chinese now speak Mandarin, a non-native language that originated from northern China.

On the other hand, it was reported that up to 10% of Malaysian Chinese are primarily English-speaking.[51] The English-speaking Chinese minority is typically concentrated in cities such as Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya, Subang Jaya, Johor Bahru, George Town, Ipoh and Malacca. The English speakers form a distinct subset within the larger Chinese community, as they are known to have a less Sinocentric mindset, and are rather Westernized in thinking and attitudes.

Indian

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Main article: Malaysian Indian
 
Malaysian Indians in Selangor

The 2.02 million Indian community in Malaysia is the smallest of the three main ethnic groups, comprising only 6.6% of the total population excluding non-citizens as of 2021. Indians were brought in to Malaysia during the British colonial period in late 18th century and early 19th centuries. There is another historical evidence that confirms Indian civilisation started in Malaysia thousands of years ago by Rajendra Cholan. The proof still exist in Lembah Bujang, Kedah. This is an historical evidence that still about Malaysia and Indians.[52] They first came to Malaya for barter trade, especially in the former Straits Settlements of Singapore, Malacca and Penang. During the British colonial rule, Indian labourers, who were mostly south Indian Tamils from Tamil Nadu and some Telugus and Malayalis from other parts of South India, were brought to Malaya to work on sugarcane and coffee plantations, rubber and oil palm estates, construction of buildings, railways, roads and bridges.[53] English-educated Ceylon Tamils from Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and some Malaysian Telugus and Malayalees (from Kerala) were brought in to handle white-collar jobs. Kerala had the first mission schools in India and as such produced English educated administrators. Both ethnicities worked mainly as clerks, public servants, teachers, hospital assistants, doctors and in other skilled professions.[54][55][56] As for the Punjabis from Punjab, most of them where enlisted in the army in Malaya while some handled the bullock-cart services in the country.[57][58]

The Indians who came to Malaysia brought with them the Hindu religion, its unique temples called Kovils and the Sikhs with their Gurdwaras. Tamil cuisine is hugely popular. More than 86% of Malaysian Indians adhere to Hinduism. The Chitty community in Malacca are descendants of much earlier Indian immigrants who adopted local culture. Though they remain Hindu, the Chitties speak Bahasa Malaysia and women dress in sarong kebayas. The Hindu community celebrates two main festivals — Deepavali and Thaipusam — and many other smaller religious events each year. Both ethnic Telugu people and Malayalees from Andhra Pradesh and Kerala celebrate the Ugadi festival (new year) and Onam. The ethnic Punjabis celebrate Vasakhi, Lodi and Gurpurab. Majority of the Indians in Malaysia speak Tamil (also lingua franca among all Indians) while Telugu, Malayalam and Punjabi are also spoken by minorities.

Others

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A small minority of Malaysians do not fit into the broader ethnic groups. A small population exists of people of European and Middle Eastern descent. Europeans and Middle Easterners, who first arrived during the colonial period, assimilated through intermarriage into the Christian and Muslim communities. Most Eurasian Malaysians trace their ancestry to British, Dutch and/or Portuguese colonists, and there is a strong Kristang community in Malacca.

The Nepalese are mostly migrant workers from Nepal totalling 356,199[59][60][61] of which Malaysian Citizens are as little over 600 and lives in Rawang, Selangor. Originally brought by the British as bodyguards and security personnel, Nepali population consist of Rana, Chettri, Rai and Gurung clans. Other minorities include Filipinos and Burmese. A small number of ethnic Vietnamese from Cambodia and Vietnam settled in Malaysia as Vietnam War refugees.

There is no general consensus on the ethnic profiling of children of mixed parentage. Some choose to be identified according to paternal ethnicity while others simply think that they fall in the "Others" category. The majority choose to identify themselves as Malay as long as either parent is Malay, mainly due to the legal definition of Bumiputra and the privileges that comes along with it. Children of Chinese–Indian parentage are known as Chindians. Though this is not an official category in national census data, it is an increasing number especially in urban areas due to the increasing ethnic Chinese-Indian relationships.

Many other people from around the world have moved to Malaysia. There are over 70,000 Africans who have emigrated to Malaysia.[62]

Languages

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Main article: Languages of Malaysia
 
A sign at 7-Eleven stores showing common languages in Malaysia: English, Malay, Chinese, and Tamil

Malaysia contains speakers of 137 living languages,[63] 41 of which are found in Peninsula Malaysia.[64] The official language of Malaysia is known as Bahasa Malaysia, a standardised form of the Malay language.[41] English was, for a protracted period, the de facto, administrative language of Malaysia, though its status was later rescinded. Despite that, English remains an active second language in many areas of Malaysian society and is taught as a compulsory subject in all public schools.[65][66] Many businesses in Malaysia conduct their transactions in English, and it is sometimes used in official correspondence. Examinations are based on British English, although there has been much American influence through television.

Malaysian English, also known as Malaysian Standard English (MySE), is a form of English derived from British English, although there is little official use of the term, except with relation to education. Malaysian English also sees wide use in business, along with Manglish, which is a colloquial form of English with heavy Malay, Chinese languages and Tamil influences. Most Malaysians are conversant in English, although some are only fluent in the Manglish form. The Malaysian government officially discourages the use of Manglish.[67]

Malaysian Chinese mostly speak Chinese languages from the southern provinces of China. The more common languages in Peninsular Malaysia are Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, Hainanese, and Hokchiu.[68] In Sarawak, most ethnic Chinese speak either Fuzhounese or Hakka while Hakka predominates in Sabah except in the city of Sandakan where Cantonese is more often spoken despite the Hakka-origins of the Chinese residing there. Hokkien is mostly spoken in Penang, Kedah and Perlis, whereas Cantonese is mostly spoken in Ipoh and Kuala Lumpur. However, in Malaysia as a whole, the majority of ethnic Chinese now speak Mandarin, a non-native language from northern China (originally spoken by the Beijing elite and chosen as the official language of China), as their first language, while English is the first language for the rest. Some of the less-spoken languages such as Hainanese are facing extinction. As with Malaysian youths of other races, most Chinese youth are multilingual and can speak up to four languages with at least moderate fluency – their native Chinese language, Mandarin, English and Malay.

Tamil is the most common language spoken among Indians in Malaysia,[69] especially in Peninsular Malaysia where they still maintain close cultural ties with their homeland Tamil Nadu & Ceylon. This is because there are far fewer Indians in East Malaysia than in the Peninsula. Tamil community from Ceylon have their own Tamil dialect known as Sri Lankan Tamil. Besides Tamil, the Malayalam Language is spoken by over 200,000 Malayalees in Malaysia, predominantly in Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Johore.[70] Telugu is also spoken by the Telugu community. Punjabi language is commonly spoken by the Punjabi community. Besides that, Sinhala is used by a small number of Sinhalese community from Sri Lanka.

Citizens of Minangkabau, Bugis or Javanese origins, who can be classified "Malay" under constitutional definitions may also speak their respective ancestral tongues. The native tribes of East Malaysia have their own languages which are related to, but easily distinguishable from, Malay. The Iban is the main tribal language in Sarawak while Dusunic languages are spoken by the natives in Sabah.[71] A variant of the Malay language that is spoken in Brunei is also commonly spoken in both states.

Some Malaysians have Caucasian ancestry and speak creole languages, such as the Portuguese-based Malaccan Creoles,[72] and the Spanish-based Zamboangueño Chavacano.[73] Thai is also spoken in some areas.[11]

Citizenship

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Main articles: Malaysian citizenship and Malaysian nationality law

Citizenship is usually granted by lex soli.[74] Citizenship in the states of Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysian Borneo are distinct from citizenship in Peninsular Malaysia for immigration purposes. Every citizen is issued a biometric smart chip identity card, known as MyKad, at the age of 12, and must carry the card at all times.[75]

Religion

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Main article: Religion in Malaysia
 
Dominant religious confessions in Malaysia according to 2020 census.[76]
Dark green: Muslim majority > 50%
Light green: Muslim plurality < 50%
Blue: Christian majority > 50%

Islam is the largest and state religion of Malaysia, although Malaysia is a multi-religious society and the Malaysian constitution guarantees religious freedom. Despite the recognition of Islam as the state religion, the first 4 prime ministers have stressed that Malaysia could function as a secular state. According to the Population and Housing Census 2020 figures, approximately 63.5 percent of the population practised Islam; 18.7 percent Buddhism; 9.1 percent Christianity; 6.1 percent Hinduism; and 2.7 percent practise other religions or reported having no religion or did not provide any information.[77] The percentage population of Muslims has been steadily increasing – from 58.6% in 1991, 60.4% in 2000, 61.5% in 2010, to 63.5% of the 2020 census.[78][79]

The majority of Malaysian Indians follow Hinduism (84.5%), with a significant minority identifying as Christians (7.7%), Sikhs (3.9%), Muslims (3.8%), and 1,000 Jains. Most Malaysian Chinese follow a combination of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism and ancestor-worship but, when pressed to specify their religion, will identify themselves as Buddhists. Statistics from the 2000 Census indicate that 75.9% of Malaysia's ethnic Chinese identify as Buddhist, with significant numbers of adherents following Taoism (10.6%) and Christianity (9.6%), along with small Hui-Muslim populations in areas like Penang.[79] Christianity constitutes a slim majority of the non-Malay Bumiputra community (50.1%) with an additional 36.3% identifying as Muslims while 7.3% follow folk religion.[79]

Islam

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Main article: Islam in Malaysia
 
Kampung Laut Mosque in Tumpat is one of the oldest mosques in Malaysia, dating to early 18th century

Islam is thought to have been brought to Malaysia around the 12th century by Arab traders.[80] Since then the religion has become the predominant religion of the country and is recognised as the state's official religion. All ethnic Malays are considered Muslim by Article 160 of the Constitution of Malaysia.[81]

Muslims are obliged to follow the decisions of Syariah courts in matters concerning their religion. The Islamic judges are expected to follow the Shafi`i legal school of Islam, which is the main madh'hab of Malaysia.[82] The jurisdiction of Shariah courts is limited only to Muslims in matters such as marriage, inheritance, divorce, apostasy, religious conversion, and custody among others. No other criminal or civil offences are under the jurisdiction of the Shariah courts, which have a similar hierarchy to the Civil Courts. Despite being the supreme courts of the land, the Civil Courts (including the Federal Court) do not hear matters related to Islamic practices,[83] as ratified by Mahathir Mohamad in the late 1980s. Regulation of sexual activities among the Muslim population is strict; with laws prohibiting unmarried couples from occupying a secluded area or a confined space to prevent suspicion of acts forbidden in Islam.[84]

Education

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Main article: Education in Malaysia
 
Malaysia campus of the University of Nottingham at Semenyih, Selangor

Literacy rates (percentage of people over 15 who can read and write) are high in Malaysia, with an overall literacy rate of 88.7%.[85] Literacy rates are higher among males (92%) than females (85.4%)

Education in Malaysia is monitored by the federal government Ministry of Education.[86] The education system features a non-compulsory kindergarten education followed by six years of compulsory primary education,[87] and five years of optional secondary education.[88] Most Malaysian children start schooling between the ages of three to six, in kindergarten.

Primary education

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Children begin primary schooling at the age of seven for a period of six years. Primary schools are divided into two categories, national primary schools and vernacular school.[89] Vernacular schools (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan) use either Chinese or Tamil as the medium of instruction, whereas national primary schools (Sekolah Kebangsaan) uses Bahasa Malaysia as the medium of instruction for subjects except English, Science and Mathematics.

 
Malay College Kuala Kangsar (MCKK) is one of the earliest boarding schools established in British Malaya.

Before progressing to the secondary level of education, pupils in Year 6 are required to sit the Primary School Achievement Test (Ujian Pencapaian Sekolah Rendah, UPSR).[90] A programme called First Level Assessment (Penilaian Tahap Satu, PTS) taken during Primary Year 3 was abolished in 2001.

Secondary education

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Secondary education in Malaysia is conducted in secondary schools (Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan) for five years. National secondary schools use Malay as the main language of instruction. The only exceptions are Mathematics and Science and languages other than Malay, however this was only implemented in 2003, prior to which all non-language subjects were taught in Malay. At the end of Form Three, which is the third year, students are evaluated in the Form Three Assessment ("Pentaksiran Tingkatan Tiga", PT3)（ now abolished ）. Secondary students no longer sit for PMR in Form Three that has been abolished in 2014. In the final year of secondary education (Form Five), students sit the Malaysian Certificate of Education (Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia, SPM) examination, which is equivalent to the former British Ordinary or 'O' Levels. The government has decided to abandon the use of English in teaching maths and science and revert to Bahasa Malaysia, starting in 2012.[91]

Malaysian national secondary schools are sub-divided into several types: National Secondary School (Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan), Religious Secondary School (Sekolah Menengah Agama), National-Type Secondary School (Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan) (also referred to as Mission Schools), Technical Schools (Sekolah Menengah Teknik), Residential Schools and MARA Junior Science College (Maktab Rendah Sains MARA).

There are also 60 Chinese Independent High Schools in Malaysia, where most subjects are taught in Chinese. Chinese Independent High Schools are monitored and standardised by the United Chinese School Committees' Association of Malaysia (UCSCAM). However, unlike government schools, independent schools are autonomous. It takes six years to complete secondary education in Chinese independent schools. Students will sit a standardised test conducted by UCSCAM, which is known as the Unified Examination Certificate (UEC) in Junior Middle 3 (equivalent to PMR) and Senior Middle 3 (equivalent to A level). A number of independent schools conduct classes in Malay and English in addition to Chinese, enabling the students to sit the PMR and SPM additionally.

Tertiary education

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See also: List of universities in Malaysia
 
An aerial view of Multimedia University's Cyberjaya campus. Multimedia University is Malaysia's first private university.

Before the introduction of the matriculation system, students aiming to enter public universities had to complete an additional 18 months of secondary schooling in Form Six and sit the Malaysian Higher School Certificate (Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia, STPM); equivalent to the British Advanced or 'A' levels.[92] Since the introduction of the matriculation programme as an alternative to STPM in 1999, students who completed the 12-month programme in matriculation colleges (kolej matrikulasi in Malay) can enrol in local universities. However, in the matriculation system, only 10 per cent of the places are open to non-Bumiputra students.[93]

There are a number of government-funded public universities in Malaysia, the most prominent of them being University of Malaya. Although the ethnic quota system favouring Malays at such universities was abolished in 2002, disparity of student intake still exists in these universities with underrepresentation of non-Bumiputras.[94] Instead, private universities have sprung up to cater to the local population. These private universities are also gaining a reputation for international quality education and students from all over the world attend these universities. In addition, four reputable international universities have set up their branch campuses in Malaysia since 1998. A branch campus can be seen as an 'offshore campus' of the foreign university, which offers the same courses and awards as the main campus. Both local and international students can acquire these identical foreign qualifications in Malaysia at a lower fee. The foreign university branch campuses in Malaysia are: Monash University Malaysia Campus, Curtin University, Malaysia, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus and University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus.

Students also have the option of enrolling in private tertiary institutions after secondary studies. Most institutions have educational links with overseas universities especially in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia, allowing students to spend a portion of their course duration abroad as well as getting overseas qualifications. One such example is Tunku Abdul Rahman University College which partnered with Sheffield Hallam University and Coventry University.[95]

International schools

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See also: Template:International schools in Malaysia

In addition to the Malaysian National Curriculum, Malaysia has many international schools such as The International School Kuala Lumpur, Alice Smith School, Gardens International School, Cempaka Schools Malaysia, Kolej Tuanku Ja'afar...etc. These schools cater to the growing expatriate population in the country and the Malaysians who want a foreign curriculum, UK based curriculum, English education or Australian curriculum as well.

Health

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See also: Healthcare in Malaysia

The Malaysian government places importance on the expansion and development of health care, putting 5% of the government social sector development budget into public health care[96]—an increase of more than 47% over the previous figure. This has meant an overall increase of more than RM 2 billion. With a rising and ageing population, the Government wishes to improve in many areas including the refurbishment of existing hospitals, building and equipping new hospitals, expansion of the number of polyclinics, and improvements in training and expansion of telehealth. A major problem with the health care sector is the lack of medical centres for rural areas, which the government is trying to counter through the development of and expansion of a system called "tele-primary care".[97] Another issue is the overprescription of drugs, though this has decreased in recent years.[98] Since 2009 the Malaysian Health Ministry has increased its efforts to overhaul the system and attract more foreign investment.[96]

The country generally has an efficient and widespread system of health care. It implements a universal healthcare system, which co-exists with the private healthcare system.[97] Infant mortality rate in 2009 was 6 deaths per 1000 births, and life expectancy at birth in 2009 was 75 years.[99] Malaysia has the highest levels of obesity among Malay population in ASEAN countries.[100][101]

The Malaysian health care system requires doctors to perform a compulsory three years service with public hospitals to ensure that the manpower in these hospitals is maintained.[97] Recently foreign doctors have also been encouraged to take up employment in Malaysia. There is still, however, a significant shortage in the medical workforce, especially of highly trained specialists; thus, certain medical care and treatment are available only in large cities. Recent efforts to bring many facilities to other towns have been hampered by lack of expertise to run the available equipment.

The majority of private hospitals are in urban areas and, unlike many of the public hospitals, are equipped with the latest diagnostic and imaging facilities. Private hospitals have not generally been seen as an ideal investment—it has often taken up to ten years before companies have seen any profits. However, the situation has now changed and companies are now exploring this area again, corresponding with the increased number of foreigners entering Malaysia for medical care and the recent government focus on developing the health tourism industry.[102] The Government has also been trying to promote Malaysia as a health care destination, regionally and internationally.[96]

Major cities

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Main article: List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population § Largest urban agglomerations

Kuala Lumpur is the capital and largest city of Malaysia. Although many executive and judicial branches of the federal government have moved to Putrajaya, Kuala Lumpur is the seat of the Parliament of Malaysia, making it the country's legislative capital. It is also the economic and business centre of the country, and is a primate city. Kuala Lumpur is also the only Alpha-rated global city in Malaysia. Along with Subang Jaya, Klang, Petaling Jaya, Shah Alam, Kajang-Sungai Chua, Ampang Jaya and Selayang it forms the country's largest and most important urban area, the Klang Valley.

George Town, the capital city of Penang used to be Malaysia's largest and only city until the 1970s when Kuala Lumpur was granted city status. Today, George Town, rated a Gamma global city, serves as the financial, industrial and medical tourism hub in the northern region of Malaysia. Together with the city of Seberang Perai, and the municipalities of Sungai Petani, Kulim, Bandar Baharu and Kerian, it forms the George Town Conurbation, the nation's second largest metropolitan area with a population of over 2.83 million.

The third largest urban area in Malaysia is situated at the country's southern end, comprising the cities of Johor Bahru, Iskandar Puteri and Pasir Gudang, along with Kulai and Pontian. Located next to Singapore, it is also an important industrial, tourism and commercial hub for southern Malaysia.

Other major cities in Malaysia include Ipoh, Kota Kinabalu and Kuching.

 
Largest cities and municipalities in Malaysia
Department of Statistics, Malaysia (2020) [2]
Rank Name State Pop. Rank Name State Pop.
 
Kuala Lumpur
 
Kajang 		1 Kuala Lumpur Federal Territory 1,982,112 11 Ipoh Perak 759,952  
Seberang Perai
 
Subang Jaya
2 Kajang Selangor 1,047,356 12 Seremban Negeri Sembilan 681,541
3 Seberang Perai Penang 946,092 13 Iskandar Puteri Johor 575,977
4 Subang Jaya Selangor 902,086 14 Kuantan Pahang 548,014
5 Klang Selangor 902,025 15 Sungai Petani Kedah 545,053
6 Johor Bahru Johor 858,118 16 Ampang Jaya Selangor 531,904
7 Shah Alam Selangor 812,327 17 Kota Kinabalu Sabah 500,425
8 George Town Penang 794,313 18 Malacca City Malacca 453,904
9 Petaling Jaya Selangor 771,687 19 Sandakan Sabah 439,050
10 Selayang Selangor 764,327 20 Alor Setar Kedah 423,868

See also

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References

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