The Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 was passed on April 8, 1935, as a part of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal. It was a large public works program that included the Works Progress Administration (WPA), the National Youth Administration, the Resettlement Administration, the Rural Electrification Administration, and other assistance programs.[1] These programs were called the "second New Deal". The programs gave Americans work, for which the government would pay them. The goal was to help unemployment, pull the country out of the Great Depression, and prevent another depression in the future. This was the first and largest system of public-assistance relief programs in American history, and it led to the largest accumulation of national debt.[2]
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| Long title | JOINT RESOLUTION Making appropriations for relief purposes |
|---|---|
| Enacted by | the 74th United States Congress |
| Citations | |
| Statutes at Large | 49 Stat. 115 |
| Legislative history | |
| |
Background
editBefore 1935, many programs focused on direct aid and "the dole". Franklin Delano Roosevelt did not like providing welfare to able workers as it demoralized the unemployed and created dependency on the government, and even the unemployed preferred work relief. He was also concerned about "future problems of unemployment and unprotected old age" and believed that "we have to get it started, or it will never start".[3] At the beginning of 1935, 11.3 million Americans were unemployed, which was nearly 22% of the civilian labor force.[4]
In January 1935, Roosevelt announced his plans to alter the current relief programs.
The Federal Government must and shall quit this business of relief.[5] I am not willing that the vitality of our people be further sapped by the giving of cash, of market baskets, of a few hours of weekly work cutting grass, raking leaves or picking up papers in public parks. We must preserve not only the bodies of the unemployed from destruction but also their self-respect, their self-reliance and courage and determination.[6]
On April 8, 1935, Roosevelt introduced the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act, which only gave direct aid to people who were unable to work, such as the elderly and the disabled. Despite the word "emergency", this act was created to address a long-term problem.[7]
He asked Congress for $4.88 billion[8] – two thirds would go to finance work relief, and the rest would end the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the work program created by Roosevelt in 1933 which replaced the Civil Works Administration.[9]
He asked for $4 billion to get things going, and $880 million was reallocated from previous appropriations[10] to aid 3.5 million people.[11] The local governments and agencies had already cared for the 1.5 million unemployable relief recipients (e.g. the ill, the aged, the physically handicapped).[12] Of the funds appropriated by the act, $27 million was approved for the Federal Art Project, the Federal Writers' Project and the Federal Theatre Project under the WPA sponsored Federal Project Number One.[13]
Collapse
editBy September 1935, the program was failing and looked to some like it might even collapse. There was only $1 billion left, and less than ¼ of the estimated 3.5 million people were employed.[14]
There had been many obstacles that led to its downfall, such as:
- The bill was delayed in Congress because people demanded that the program pay wages at existing levels
- Congressional leaders wanted to allocate the funds to specific categories and agencies, making it difficult to have a smooth transition from the existing program
- Conflict between Harry Hopkins and Harold Ickes – they argued on whether the program should be public works (expensive projects with less relief labor) or work relief ("made work")[15]
Results
editRoosevelt had hoped that this would end the Depression and create jobs, but it was unsuccessful. He gave the rest of the appropriation to Harry Hopkins, who had created the WPA.[16]
Congress contributed to this program throughout the 1930s, but beginning in 1939, funds were reduced.[17] Many programs were discontinued over the years, and in 1943, Congress ended many of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act programs, including WPA and PWA.[18] Unemployment was no longer a major issue because WWII had created thousands of jobs.
Many people complained that "the programs created 'busy work' for the unemployed at the expense of the nation's more affluent citizens."[19] The Rural Electrification Administration, however, was successful. In 1934, only 11% of American farms had electricity, but that rose to 50% by 1942 and almost 100% by the end of the 1940s.[20] The WPA built and renovated thousands of schools, hospitals, and playgrounds.[21]
References
edit- ^ "FDR signs Emergency Relief Appropriation Act - Apr 08, 1935 - HISTORY.com". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
- ^ J., Grapes, Bryan (2001). Franklin D. Roosevelt. Greenhaven Press. ISBN 0737705043. OCLC 726997221.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ M., Kennedy, David (2005). Freedom from fear : the American people in depression and war, 1929-1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195144031. OCLC 68483170.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Watkins, Tom H. (1999). The hungry years : a narrative history of the Great Depression in America. Holt. ISBN 9780805016758. OCLC 246342728.
- ^ M., Kennedy, David (2005). Freedom from fear : the American people in depression and war, 1929-1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195144031. OCLC 68483170.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Watkins, Tom H. (1999). The hungry years : a narrative history of the Great Depression in America. Holt. ISBN 9780805016758. OCLC 246342728.
- ^ M., Kennedy, David (2005). Freedom from fear : the American people in depression and war, 1929-1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195144031. OCLC 68483170.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Roosevelt, Franklin D. (August 26, 1935). "Letter on Allocation of Work Relief Funds". The American Presidency Project. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. Retrieved 2015-03-02.
- ^ "Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 - Dictionary definition of Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
- ^ M., Kennedy, David (2005). Freedom from fear : the American people in depression and war, 1929-1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195144031. OCLC 68483170.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "United States - The Great Depression | history - geography". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
- ^ M., Kennedy, David (2005). Freedom from fear : the American people in depression and war, 1929-1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195144031. OCLC 68483170.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Flanagan, Hallie (1965). Arena: The History of the Federal Theatre. New York: Benjamin Blom, reprint edition [1940]. OCLC 855945294.
- ^ "Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 - Dictionary definition of Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
- ^ "Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 - Dictionary definition of Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
- ^ "Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 - Dictionary definition of Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
- ^ "Emergency Relief Appropriation Act - Ohio History Central". www.ohiohistorycentral.org. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
- ^ "FDR signs Emergency Relief Appropriation Act - Apr 08, 1935 - HISTORY.com". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
- ^ "Student Resources in Context - Document". ic.galegroup.com. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
- ^ Black, Conrad (2003-01-01). Franklin Delano Roosevelt champion of freedom. PublicAffairs. ISBN 1586481843. OCLC 492374084.
- ^ F., Burg, David (2005). The Great Depression. Facts On File. ISBN 0816057095. OCLC 475064479.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)