Electron (formerly known as Atom Shell[5]) is a free and open-source software framework developed and maintained by OpenJS Foundation.[6] The framework is designed to create desktop applications using web technologies (mainly HTML, CSS and JavaScript, although other technologies such as front-end frameworks and WebAssembly are possible) that are rendered using a version of the Chromium browser engine and a back end using the Node.js runtime environment.[7] It also uses various APIs to enable functionality such as native integration with Node.js services and an inter-process communication module.
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| Original author(s) | GitHub |
|---|---|
| Developer(s) | OpenJS Foundation |
| Initial release | 15 July 2013[1] |
| Stable release | 33.0.0[2] 
/ 14 October 2024 |
| Preview release | 34.0.0-alpha.1[3]
/ October 15, 2024 |
| Repository | |
| Written in | C++, JavaScript, Objective-C++ and Objective-C |
| Operating system | Linux, macOS, and Windows |
| Platform | IA-32, x86-64, ARM |
| License | MIT License[4] |
| Website | www |
Electron was originally built for Atom[5] and is the main GUI framework behind several other open-source projects including GitHub Desktop, Light Table,[8] Visual Studio Code, WordPress Desktop,[9] and Eclipse Theia.[10]
Architecture
editElectron applications include a "main" process and several "renderer" processes. The main process runs the logic for the application (e.g., menus, shell commands, lifecycle events), and can then launch multiple renderer processes by instantiating an instance of the BrowserWindow class, which loads a window that appears on the screen by rendering HTML and CSS.[citation needed]
Both the main and renderer processes can run with Node.js integration if the nodeIntegration field in the main process is set to true.[citation needed]
Most of Electron's APIs are written in C++ or Objective-C and are exposed directly to the application code through JavaScript bindings.[11]
History
editIn September 2021, Electron moved to an eight-week release cycle between major versions to match the release cycle of Chromium Extended Stable and to comply with a new requirement from the Microsoft Store that requires browser-based apps to be within two major versions of the latest release of the browser engine.[12]
Electron frequently releases new major versions along every other Chromium release. The latest three stable versions are supported by the Electron team.[13]
| Release | Status | Release date | End of life date | Chromium version | Node.js version | Module version | N-API version | ICU version |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| v33.x.y | Current[14] | 15 October 2024 | 29 April 2025 | 130 | 20.18 | ? | ? | ? |
| v32.x.y | Active | 20 August 2024 | 4 March 2025 | 128 | 20.16 | ? | ? | ? |
| v31.x.y | Active | 11 June 2024 | 7 January 2025 | 126 | 20.14 | ? | ? | ? |
| v30.x.y | End-of-life | 16 April 2024 | 15 October 2024 | 124 | 20.11 | ? | ? | ? |
| v29.x.y | End-of-Life | 20 February 2024 | 20 August 2024 | 122 | 20.9 | ? | ? | ? |
| v28.x.y | End-of-Life | 5 December 2023[15] | 11 June 2024 | 120 | 18.18 | ? | ? | ? |
| v27.x.y | End-of-Life | 10 October 2023[16] | 16 April 2024 | 118 | 18.17 | ? | ? | ? |
| v26.x.y | End-of-Life | 15 August 2023[17] | 20 February 2024 | 116 | 18.16 | ? | ? | ? |
| v25.x.y | End-of-Life | 30 May 2023[18] | 5 December 2023 | 114 | 18.15 | ? | ? | ? |
| v24.x.y | End-of-Life | 4 April 2023[19] | 10 October 2023 | 112 | 18.14 | ? | ? | ? |
| v23.x.y | End-of-Life | 30 November 2022[20] | 15 August 2023 | 110 | 18.12 | ? | ? | ? |
| v22.x.y | End-of-Life | 30 November 2022[21] | 10 October 2023 | 108 | 16.17 | ? | ? | ? |
| v21.x.y | End-of-Life | 26 September 2022[22] | 4 April 2023 | 106 | 16.16 | ? | ? | ? |
| v20.x.y | End-of-Life | 2 August 2022[23] | 7 February 2023 | 104 | 16.15 | ? | ? | ? |
| v19.x.y | End-of-Life | 24 May 2022[24] | 29 November 2022[21] | 102 | 16.14 | 106 | ? | ? |
| v18.x.y | End-of-Life | 29 March 2022[25] | 26 September 2022[22] | 100 | 16.13 | 103 | ? | ? |
| v17.x.y | End-of-Life | 1 February 2022[26] | 2 August 2022 | 98 | 16.13 | 101 | ? | ? |
| v16.x.y | End-of-Life | 15 November 2021[27] | 24 May 2022[24] | 96 | 16.9 | 99 | ? | ? |
| v15.x.y | End-of-Life | 21 September 2021 | 24 May 2022[24] | 94 | 16.5 | 98 | ? | ? |
| v14.x.y | End-of-Life | 30 August 2021 | 29 March 2022[25] | 92 | 14.17 | 89 | 8 | 69.1 |
| v13.x.y | End-of-Life | 25 May 2021 | 31 January 2022[26] | 91 | 14.16 | 89 | 7 | 68.1 |
| v12.0.x | End-of-Life | 2 March 2021 | 15 November 2021[27] | 89 | 14.16 | 87 | 7 | 68.1 |
| v11.4.x | End-of-Life | 16 November 2020 | 30 August 2021 | 87 | 12.18 | 85 | 5 | 65.1 |
| v10.4.x | End-of-Life | 25 August 2020 | 25 May 2021 | 85 | 12.16 | 82 | 5 | 65.1 |
| v9.4.x | End-of-Life | 18 May 2020 | 2 March 2021 | 83 | 12.14 | 80 | 5 | 65.1 |
| v8.3.x | End-of-Life | 4 February 2020 | 16 November 2020 | 80 | 12.13 | 76 | 5 | 65.1 |
| v7.3.x | End-of-Life | 22 October 2019 | 25 August 2020 | 78 | 12.8 | 75 | 4 | 64.2 |
| v6.1.x | End-of-Life | 29 July 2019 | 18 May 2020 | 76 | 12.4 | 73 | 4 | 64.2 |
| v5.1.x | End-of-Life | 24 April 2019 | 4 February 2020 | 73 | 12.0 | 70 | 4 | 63.1 |
| v4.2.x | End-of-Life | 20 December 2018 | 22 October 2019 | 69 | 10.11 | 69 | 3 | 62.2 |
| v3.1.x | End-of-Life | 18 September 2018 | 29 July 2019 | 66 | 10.2 | 64 | 3 | ? |
| v2.0.x | End-of-Life | 1 May 2018 | 24 April 2019 | 61 | 8.9 | 57 | ? | ? |
| v1.8.x | End-of-Life | 12 December 2017 | 20 December 2018 | 59 | 8.2 | 57 | ? | ? |
Usage
editDesktop applications built with Electron include Atom,[28] balenaEtcher,[29] Eclipse Theia,[10] Microsoft Teams before 2.0,[30][31] Slack,[32] and Visual Studio Code.[33][34] The Brave browser was based on Electron before it was rewritten to use Chromium directly.[35]
Reception
editThe most common criticism of Electron is that it necessitates software bloat when used for simple programs.[36] As a result, Michael Larabel has referred to the framework as "notorious among most Linux desktop users for being resource heavy, not integrating well with most desktops, and generally being despised."[37] Researchers have shown that Electron's large feature set can be hijacked by bad actors with write access to the source JavaScript files. This requires root access on *nix systems and is not considered to be a vulnerability by the Electron developers.[38] Those who are concerned that Electron is not always based on the newest version of Chromium have recommended progressive web applications as an alternative.[39]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ "Release 33.0.0". 14 October 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
- ^ "Release electron v34.0.0-alpha.1 · electron/electron". GitHub. 15 October 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
- ^ "electron/LICENSE at master". GitHub. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ a b Sawicki, Kevin (23 April 2015). "Atom Shell is now Electron". Electron. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ "Build cross-platform desktop apps with JavaScript, HTML, and CSS | Electron". Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
- ^ "Electron Internals: Using Node as a Library". electronjs.org. 8 August 2016. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ Horner, Gabriel (10 December 2015). "Light Table 0.8.0". lighttable.com. Archived from the original on 13 December 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
- ^ "GitHub Repository". GitHub. Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
- ^ a b "Theia - Cloud and Desktop IDE Platform". theia-ide.org. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ^ "From native to JavaScript in Electron | Electron Blog". electronjs.org. 19 March 2019. Archived from the original on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
- ^ "New Electron Release Cadence | Electron". electronjs.org. 14 July 2021. Archived from the original on 14 July 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
- ^ "Electron Releases | Electron". electronjs.org. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ "Release electron v33.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. 14 October 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2024.
- ^ "Release electron v28.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. 4 December 2023. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- ^ "Release electron v27.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. 10 October 2023. Archived from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ "Release electron v26.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ "Release electron v25.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ "Release electron v24.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ "Release electron v23.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ a b "Release electron v22.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ a b "Release electron v21.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ "Release electron v20.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ a b c "Release electron v19.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ a b "Release electron v18.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ^ a b "Release electron v17.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
- ^ a b "Release electron v16.0.0 · electron/electron". GitHub. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
- ^ Sawicki, Kevin (23 April 2015). "Atom Shell is now Electron". Electron. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
- ^ "Etcher on GitHub". GitHub. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ msdmaguire. "How Microsoft Teams uses memory - Microsoft Teams". docs.microsoft.com. Archived from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Redmond, Tony. "Teams 2.0 Moves Away from Electron to Embrace Edge WebView2". Office 365 for IT Pros. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
- ^ "Building hybrid applications with Electron". Several People Are Coding. 25 October 2016. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ Bright, Peter (29 April 2015). "Microsoft's new Code editor is built on Google's Chromium". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
- ^ "Open Source project". GitHub. 29 March 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
- ^ Singh, Jagmeet (3 January 2017). "People are now even doing machine learning in JavaScript". Open Source For U. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
- ^ Proven, Liam (19 November 2021). "Some FOSS gems: Franz, RamBox, Pidgin and more". The Register. Archived from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
- ^ Larabel, Michael (9 February 2019). "Electron Apps Are Bad, So Now You Can Create Desktop Apps With HTML5 + Golang". Phoronix. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
- ^ Gallagher, Sean (7 August 2019). "Skype, Slack, other Electron based apps can be easily backdoored". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2022.
- ^ Hoffman, Chris (15 August 2019). "That native app is probably just an old web browser". How To Geek. Archived from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2022.