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Electracy is a theory by Gregory Ulmer that describes the skills necessary to exploit the full communicative potential of new electronic media such as multimedia, hypermedia, social software, and virtual worlds. According to Ulmer, electracy "is to digital media what literacy is to print".[1] It encompasses the broader cultural, institutional, pedagogical, and ideological implications inherent in the major societal transition from print to electronic media. Electracy is a portmanteau of "electricity" and Jacques Derrida's term "trace".[2]
Concept
editElectracy denotes a broad spectrum of research possibilities including the history and invention of writing and mnemonic practices, the epistemological and ontological changes resulting from such practices, the sociological and psychological implications of a networked culture, and the pedagogical implementation of practices derived from such explorations.
Ulmer's work considers other historical moments of radical technological change such as the inventions of the alphabet, writing, and the printing press. Also, electracy is grammatological in deriving a methodology from the history of writing and mnemonic practices.
Ulmer introduced electracy in Teletheory (1989). First citations of the work appear in 1997.[3] James Inman regarded electracy as one of the "most prominent" contemporary designations[4] for what Walter J. Ong once described as a "secondary orality" that will eventually supplant print literacy.[5] Inman distinguishes electracy from other literacies (such as metamedia), stating that it is a broader concept unique for being ontologically dependent exclusively on electronic media.[6] Some scholars have viewed the electracy paradigm, along with other "apparatus theories" such as Ong's, with skepticism, arguing that they are "essentialist" or "determinist".[7]
Pedagogy
editLisa Gye states that the transition from literacy to electracy has changed "the ways in which we think, write and exchange ideas," and that Ulmer's primary concern is to understand how that has transformed learning.[8]
Electracy as an educational aim has been recognized by scholars in several fields including English composition and rhetoric,[9] literary and media criticism,[10] digital media and art, and architecture.[11] Mikesch Muecke explains that "Gregory Ulmer's ideas on electracy provide ... a model for a new pedagogy where learning is closer to invention than verification."[12] Alan Clinton, in a review of Internet Invention, writes that "Ulmer's pedagogy ultimately levels the playing field between student and teacher."[13]
Ulmer's educational methods fit into a constructivist pedagogical theory and practice. He discusses the relationship between pedagogy and electracy at length in an interview with Sung-Do Kim published in 2005.[14]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Ulmer, G. L. (2003). Internet Invention: From Literacy to Electracy. New York: Longman.
- ^ Situated knowing : epistemic perspectives on performance. Ewa Bal, Mateusz Chaberski. Abingdon, Oxon. 2021. ISBN 978-1-000-08208-1. OCLC 1178638795.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Porter, David. Internet Culture. New York: Routledge, 1997.
- ^ Inman, James. A. Computers and Writing: The Cyborg Era. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.
- ^ Ong, Walter J. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London: Metheun, 1982.
- ^ Inman, James A. "Electracy for the Ages: Collaboration with the Past and Future." Electronic Collaboration in the Humanities: Issues and Options. Ed. James A. Inman, Cheryl Reed, and Peter Sands. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003. p. 52
- ^ See, for example, Inman's cautionary statement on page 161 of Computers and Writing: The Cyborg Era and a response essay by Stephen Tchudi in Electronic Collaboration in the Humanities, pp. 79–88.
- ^ "FCJ-006 Halflives, A Mystory: Writing Hypertext to Learn | The Fibreculture Journal : 02". Journal.fibreculture.org. 1999-02-22. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
- ^ See Inman and also Leander, Kevin, and Paul Prior, "Speaking and Writing: How Talk and Text Interact in Situated Practices," What Writing Does and How It Does It: An Introduction to Analyzing Texts and Textual Practices, ed. Charles Bazerman and Paul Prior, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004)
- ^ O'Gorman, Marcel. E-Crit: Digital Media, Critical Theory, and the Humanities. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006.
- ^ Mitrasinovic, Miodrag, Total Landscape, Theme Parks, Public Space, Aldershot, England, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 2006; Muecke, Mikesch W. Gottfried Semper in Zurich: An Intersection of Theory and Practice. Ames, IA: Culicidae Architectural Press, 2005.
- ^ Muecke, p. 4
- ^ "Reconstruction 5.1 (Winter 2005)". Reconstruction.eserver.org. Archived from the original on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
- ^ Kim, Sung-Do. "The Grammatology of the Future" (An Interview with Gregory Ulmer). Deconstructing Derrida: Tasks for the New Humanities. Ed. Peter Pericles Trifonas and Michael A. Peters. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2005. 137–64.