El Mahalla El Kubra (Arabic: المحلة الكبرى, Egyptian Arabic: [elmæˈħællæ lˈkobɾɑ], Coptic: ϯϣⲁⲓⲣⲓ, Coptic: [təʃˈaɪrə]) – commonly shortened to El Maḥalla – is the largest city of the Gharbia Governorate and in the Nile Delta, with a population of 535,278 as of 2012. It is a large industrial and agricultural city in Egypt, located in the middle of the Nile Delta on the western bank of the Damietta Branch tributary. The city is known for its textile industry, and hosts the Misr Spinning and Weaving Company which employs around 27,000 people.
El Mahalla
المحلة الكبرى ϯϣⲁⲓⲣⲓ | |
|---|---|
 ,_Al_Mahalah_Al_Kubra,_Gharbia_Governorate,_Egypt_-_panoramio_-_youssef_alam_(1).jpg) .jpg)  Clockwise from top: Mural at the entrance to the city, Night Panorama, Mahalla Club, El Mahalla El Kobra gate | |
  El Mahalla Location in Egypt | |
| Coordinates: 30°58′07″N 31°09′49″E / 30.96861°N 31.16361°E | |
| Country | Egypt |
| Governorate | Gharbia |
| Named for | "great mahallah" |
| Area | |
• Total | 11.64 km2 (4.49 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 17 m (56 ft) |
| Population (2021)[1] | |
• Total | 281,271 |
| • Density | 24,000/km2 (63,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| Area code | (+20) 40 |
Etymology
editEl Mahalla El Kubra consists of two words: El Mahalla in Arabic means "district" or "encampment", El Kubra means "great". Hence the title collectively means "The Great Encampment".[2] The name is probably a rough translation of its Coptic Egyptian equivalent ti-Šairi (Coptic: ϯϣⲁⲓⲣⲓ, lit. 'cohabitation, residence').[3]
History
editIn the Chronicle of John of Nikiu el-Mahalla is also given a name Didouseya[4], which could be equated with Theodosiou (Coptic: ⲑⲉⲟⲇⲱⲥⲓⲟⲩ). It is given as Theodosiou Nixis (Coptic: ⲑⲉⲟⲇⲱⲥⲓⲟⲩ ⲛⲓⲝⲓⲥ) by Daressy, but it's rather an equation of two nearby towns (Theodosiou and Nixis, modern Nawasa (Arabic: نَوَسا)), common for Coptic Scalae, rather than a compound name.[5] The modern area Suq al-Laban is located on Didouseya Hill.[6]
The city was also known as Mahalla Daqla (Arabic: محلة دقلا), where second word could be a corruption of Dakahla.[4]
An ancient village Sandafa (Arabic: صندفا, Coptic: ⲥⲉⲛⲧⲉϥⲉ) was located south of el-Mahalla. North of it was a village Hureyn Baharmis (Arabic: هورين بهرمس), the name of which suggests that it was an ancient river-port (Coptic: ⲡϩⲟⲣⲙⲟⲥ, romanized: phormos, lit. 'the port'),[7] whose namesake is mentioned in Demotic sources (Ancient Egyptian: Ḥwrn.t[8]). In 1844 the city absorbed both villages.[9]
El Mahalla El Kubra was designated as the capital of Gharbia Governorate in 1320 by Ibn Qalawun, before it was relocated to Tanta in 1836.[citation needed]
2006–11 protests
editOver 15,000 protesters clashed with police in El Mahalla in 2006, following the publication of a cartoon mocking Islam in Denmark.[10]
Later in 2006 textile workers struck to protest market reforms, demanding better living conditions.[11]
Beginning in April 2008 the city held mass demonstrations protesting the election results of President Hosni Mubarak, claiming election fraud and demanding better wages. Security forces were ordered to crack down on the dissidents, and in May they killed two or three in the city and injured dozens.[12][13] Images of protesters in Mahalla overturning billboards of Mubarak were viewed by some Egyptians as a turning point in Egyptian politics, according to The Washington Post.[12] The Observer has written that protests in El Mahalla from 2006 to 2011 spearheaded larger political changes throughout Egypt.[13] A Facebook group established by 28-year-old engineer Ahmad Maher to support striking textile workers in El Mahalla gained 70,000 followers and helped organize support for the strikers nationally.[14]
In 2011, protests in Mahalla contributed to the collapse of the Mubarak dictatorship.[11]
2012 protests and declaration of autonomy
editOn 15 July 2012, 25,000 workers from El Mahalla El Kubra's Misr Spinning and Weaving Company went on strike, demanding increased profit sharing, better retirement benefits and a replacement of the management.[15] The Misr workers were joined by workers from seven other textile factories in the region, and strikes also broke out among doctors and health workers, university workers, and ceramics workers in other parts of Egypt.[15]
Clashes between protesters supporting or opposing the Muslim Brotherhood on November 28 left over 100 people injured.[16] On December 7, the city declared itself autonomous from Egypt,[17] as workers and students, declaring themselves independent from the "Muslim Brotherhood State", cut rail lines and blocked entrances to the city.[11] Protesters stormed the city council and announced their intentions to replace it with a revolutionary council.[11]
Geography
editClimate
editThe Köppen–Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot desert (BWh).
| Climate data for El Mahalla El Kubra | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.6 (65.5) |
19.6 (67.3) |
22.4 (72.3) |
26.4 (79.5) |
31.2 (88.2) |
32.8 (91.0) |
33.5 (92.3) |
33.6 (92.5) |
31.8 (89.2) |
28.9 (84.0) |
24.8 (76.6) |
20.4 (68.7) |
27.0 (80.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.1 (53.8) |
12.8 (55.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
18.7 (65.7) |
22.8 (73.0) |
25.2 (77.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.5 (79.7) |
24.7 (76.5) |
22.2 (72.0) |
18.9 (66.0) |
14.2 (57.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) |
6 (43) |
8.2 (46.8) |
11 (52) |
14.5 (58.1) |
17.7 (63.9) |
19.7 (67.5) |
19.4 (66.9) |
17.6 (63.7) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13 (55) |
8 (46) |
13.0 (55.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 14 (0.6) |
10 (0.4) |
7 (0.3) |
4 (0.2) |
3 (0.1) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
3 (0.1) |
7 (0.3) |
12 (0.5) |
60 (2.5) |
| Source: climate-data.org[18] | |||||||||||||
Buildings and structures
editEl Mahalla El Kubra contains Misr Spinning and Weaving Company, the largest cotton manufacturing company in Egypt, and the clock of Big Ben is made by this company.
Economy
editEl Mahalla El Kubra is home to the largest public sector Egyptian textile company, the Misr Spinning and Weaving Company, employing over 27,000 workers.
Sport
editThe city has two football teams: Ghazl Al-Mehalla and Baladeyet Al-Mahalla.
Notable people
edit- Ahmed Elmohamady, Egyptian Footballer and Current Captain
- Mahmoud Mokhtar, a legendary Egyptian sculptor
- Cyril of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria from 412 to 444
- Salah Zulfikar, legendary actor
- Shawky Gharieb, former footballer and coach
- Mohamed Elneny, footballer
- Reham Abdel Ghafour, actress
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c "Al-Maḥallah al-Kubrā 2 (Kism (fully urban), Egypt) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
- ^ "Al-Maḥallah al-Kubrā". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2018-06-23. Retrieved 2018-06-23.
- ^ "Crum Coptic Dictionary - CoptOT Public". coptot.manuscriptroom.com. Retrieved 2020-01-06.
- ^ a b Maspero, Jean; Wiet, Gaston (1919). "Matériaux pour servir à la géographie de l'Égypte". MIFAO. 36: 164.
- ^ Daressy, G. (1894). "Les Grandes Villes d'Égypte a l'Époque Copte". Revue Archéologique. 25: 196–215. ISSN 0035-0737. JSTOR 41729502.
- ^ "سوق اللبن". المعرفة (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-04-19.
- ^ Peust, Carsten. "Die Toponyme vorarabischen Ursprungs im modernen Ägypten" (PDF). p. 17.
- ^ Peust, Carsten. "Die Toponyme vorarabischen Ursprungs im modernen Ägypten" (PDF). p. 17.
- ^ "الأرشيف المصرى للحياة والمأثورات الشعبية". www.nfa-eg.org. Retrieved 2023-04-19.
- ^ Bilesfky, Dan (11 February 2006). "Danish Cartoon Editor on Indefinite Leave". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c d Stern, Johannes (8 December 2012). "Protests spread throughout Egypt against Islamist dictatorship". World Socialist Web Site. Archived from the original on 11 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ a b Knickmeyer, Ellen (18 May 2008). "Fledgling Rebellion on Facebook Is Struck Down by Force in Egypt". Washington Post.
- ^ a b Shenker, Jack (23 January 2011). "Egypt's frustrated young wait for their lives to begin, and dream of revolution". The Observer (England).
- ^ Verma, Sonia (27 January 2011). "How Egypt got here: A brutal beating and a penchant for Facebook has protesters eager to brave the streets". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ a b Stern, Johannes (18 July 2012). "Egyptian workers mount mass strikes against US-backed junta". World Socialist Web Site. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Clashes Spread Beyond Cairo". Washington Post. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.[dead link]
- ^ Bakr, Sara (7 December 2012). "Mahalla announces autonomy". Daily News Egypt. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
- ^ "Climate: Mahalla al Kubra - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". climate-data.org. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
External links
edit
Media related to El Mahalla El Kubra at Wikimedia Commons