The eighth siege of Gibraltar (1462) was a successful effort by soldiers of the Kingdom of Castile to take the fortified town of Gibraltar from the Moors of the Emirate of Granada. Capture of this position, which was weakly defended and was taken with little fighting, was strategically important in the final defeat of the Moors in Spain.
| Eighth siege of Gibraltar | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Kingdom of Castile |
 Emirate of Granada | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Rodrigo de Arcos | Unknown | ||||||
  Location within Spain | |||||||
Background
editGibraltar occupied a strategic position in the Middle Ages, serving as a gateway for armed forces from Morocco to enter the Iberian Peninsula.[1] Gibraltar had been a Moorish possession for 748 years, apart from a few short intervals of foreign control.[2] By the early 15th century, the Castilians had conquered much of Granada, but the Moors used Gibraltar as a secure base from which they raided the surrounding country.[3]
The largest landowner in the region, Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, 2nd Count de Niebla, died in an ill-planned attack on Gibraltar in 1435.[2] The Moors recovered Count Enrique's body and placed it in a barcina, or wicker basket, that they suspended from the castle wall.[4] The Moors rejected many offers by the Christians to redeem the body.[5] However, by the 1460s the Moorish kingdom was fatally weakened and would not last much longer.[6]
Capture of Gibraltar
editIn August 1462, a Christian convert from Gibraltar passed word to the Castilians that a large part of the garrison had temporarily left the town.[1] Ali-l-Carro, a converted Moor, informed the Governor of Tarifa, Alonzo of Arcos, that the fortress was almost defenseless. The next day Arcos made an attack. He captured some Moorish soldiers and tortured them to gain information of the size of the garrison, which turned out to be too large for him to succeed with his own small forces. Alonzo of Arcos called for help from the surrounding towns, from his kinsman Alonzo, Count de Arcos, Alcade of Algeciras and from Juan Alonso de Guzmán, 1st Duke of Medina Sidonia, the most powerful noble in the region.[7] The Duke was son of Enrique Pérez de Guzmán, who had died in 1435, and had assisted him in that attack.[3]
When the first troops arrived, the Governor Alonzo of Arcos made an attack that was easily repelled.
However, another deserter brought news that the garrison was arguing whether to surrender, and if so on what terms. Soon after a delegation of Moors came and offered to surrender if they were allowed to leave and take their property. Alonzo of Arcos deferred the decision to accept these terms until someone with greater authority arrived. Rodrigo, son of the Count of Arcos, reached the scene. He also felt unable to grant conditions of surrender.[7] However, Rodrigo took control of the city gates, at which the Moors retreated to the castle.[8]
When the Duke of Medina Sidonia eventually showed up there was a dispute over who should have the honor of taking the castle. To avoid coming to blows, it was agreed that the Duke and the Count of Arcos would enter the fortress at the same time and set up their banners simultaneously.[9]
After a few days of negotiation, on condition of being allowed to leave with their possessions the defenders surrendered to Medina Sidonia.[1] The castle was taken on 16 August 1462.[10] The "siege" is perhaps misnamed, since there was little fighting and no use of siege weapons.[1]
Aftermath
editThe Duke occupied and garrisoned the fortress.[11] There was a risk of violence between his forces and those of the Count of Arcos, but this was avoided.[1] The remains of Count Enrique were recovered and placed in a chapel of the Calahorra in the Castle.[5] King Henry IV of Castile added the name of Gibraltar to his list of titles. He gave the town the arms of a castle with a key pendant, signifying that it is the key to the Mediterranean.[2] Henry appointed Pedro de Porras Governor, and then Beltrán de la Cueva.[12] A few years later, during an internal power struggle between Henry IV and a group of nobles supporting his brother Alfonso, the Duke of Medina Sidonia again besieged Gibraltar. After a fifteen-month siege, the Duke took the town.[3] His family would control Gibraltar until 1502, when the crown of Castile finally took possession.[13]
References
editCitations
- ^ a b c d e Rogers 2010, p. 210.
- ^ a b c Martin 1850s, p. 87.
- ^ a b c Sayer 1865, p. 55.
- ^ Abulafia 2011, p. 398.
- ^ a b López de Ayala 1845, p. 89-90.
- ^ Gilbard 1881, p. 3.
- ^ a b Stephens 1873, p. 176.
- ^ Stephens 1873, p. 177.
- ^ Stephens 1873, p. 178.
- ^ Carriazo Rubio 2003, p. 252.
- ^ Gilbard 1881, p. 4.
- ^ Martin 1837, p. 34.
- ^ López de Ayala 1845, p. 106.
Sources
- Abulafia, David (13 October 2011). The Great Sea:A Human History of the Mediterranean: A Human History of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-19-532334-4. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
- Carriazo Rubio, Juan Luis (2003). La Casa de Arcos entre Sevilla y la frontera de Granada: (1374-1474). Universidad de Sevilla. ISBN 978-84-472-0761-9. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- Gilbard, George James (1881). A popular history of Gibraltar, its institutions, and its neighbourhood on both sides of the Straits, and a guide book to their principal places and objects of interest ... Garrison Library Printing Establishment. p. 3. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
- López de Ayala, Ignacio (1845). The History of Gibraltar: From the Earliest Period of Its Occupation by the Saracens : Comprising Details of the Numerous Conflicts for Its Possession Between the Moors and the Christians, Until Its Final Surrender in 1642 : and of Subsequent Events : with an Appendix Containing Interesting Documents. William Pickering. p. 88. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
- Martin, Robert Montgomery (1837). History of the British possessions in the Mediterranean: comprising Gibraltar, Malta, Gozo, and the Ionian islands. Whittaker & co. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- Martin, Robert Montgomery (1850s). The British colonies: their history, extent, condition and resources. The London Printing and Pub. Co. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
- Rogers, Clifford (21 June 2010). "Gibraltar, Siege of (1462)". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533403-6. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- Sayer, Frederick (1865). The history of Gibraltar and of its political relation to events in Europe. Chapman and Hall. p. 53. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
- Stephens, F. G. (1873). A History of Gibraltar and Its Sieges. Provost. Retrieved 24 January 2013.