Egernia is a genus of skinks (family Scincidae) that occurs in Australia. These skinks are ecologically diverse omnivores that inhabit a wide range of habitats. However, in the loose delimitation (which incorporates about 30 species) the genus is not monophyletic but an evolutionary grade, as has long been suspected due to its lack of characteristic apomorphies.[1]
| Egernia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Stokes's skink, (Egernia stokesii), a small species of Egernia sensu stricto | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Scincidae |
| Subfamily: | Egerniinae |
| Genus: | Egernia Gray, 1832 |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Contundo Wells & Wellington, 1984 | |
Some of the skinks traditionally placed in Egernia appear to be among the most intelligent squamates. They have been shown to be able to distinguish between relatives and unrelated conspecifics, and can recognize relatives individually. Several species form monogamous pair-bonds. For instance, the black rock skink is a species who can perform kin discrimination based on scent and form monogamous pair-bonds and a nuclear family structure.[2] Most of these species belong to Egernia sensu stricto, and similar behaviour is also known in the related Solomon Islands skink (Corucia zebrata). The latter means that the high intelligence and social skills are probably plesiomorphic for the Egernia genus-group as a whole, and that the solitary species appear to have evolved towards being less intelligent and social again. It may still be, however, that the intelligent behaviour is a homoplasy that evolved several times in the Egernia genus-group; the fact that Corucia is a monotypic and rather distinct genus makes it impossible to decide at present.[1][3]
Systematics, taxonomy and evolution
editIt is the namesake genus of the Egernia genus-group, which also includes the Solomon Islands skink (Corucia), Cyclodomorphus and the blue-tongued skinks (Tiliqua). In some older works, it is considered closely related to Mabuya, but even among the subfamily Lygosominae this genus does not seem to be particularly closely related and would—were the genus-groups treated at the rarely used rank of infrafamily—certainly constitute an infrafamily of its own. On the other hand, the enigmatic crocodile skinks (Tribolonotus) might be a very basal member of the Egernia genus-group.[3]
The genus Egernia proper, as well as the other lineages, appear to be of Miocene—probably Early Miocene—origin, meaning they radiated at least 15, maybe 20 million years ago (mya). There are fossils of Egernia-like Lygosominae from around the Oligocene-Miocene boundary 23 mya, but these cannot be assigned to the present genus with certainty. Rather, they appear to be basal members of the Egernia genus-group, still very plesiomorphic Lygosominae with a habitus similar to Mabuya.[1]
Species
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Egernia species are mid-sized to large skinks, adult snout-to-vent length (SVL) 10–24 cm (3.9–9.4 in), with a bulky, usually somewhat flattened body and small eyes. They have 24–46 rows of midbody scales, and the dorsal scales are smooth, ridged, keeled or spiny (the tail is often notably spiny). The nasal scale has a postnarial groove; the subocular scale row is incomplete. The eyelids are similar in colour to the adjacent scales.[1]
| Image | Scientific Name | Common Name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
Egernia cunninghami (Gray, 1832) | Cunningham's spiny-tailed skink | southeastern Australia. |
| Egernia cygnitos Doughty, Kealley & Donnellan, 2011 | Western Pilbara spiny-tailed skink | northwestern Australia | |
 |
Egernia depressa (Günther, 1875) | pygmy spiny-tailed skink | Western Australia, the Northern Territory and South Australia. |
| Egernia douglasi Glauert, 1956 | Kimberley crevice-skink | Western Australia. | |
| Egernia eos Doughty, Kealley & Donnellan, 2011 | central pygmy spiny-tailed skink | western Australia | |
| Egernia epsisolus Doughty, Kealley & Donnellan, 2011 | Eastern Pilbara spiny-tailed skink | northwestern Australia | |
| Egernia formosa Fry, 1914 | Goldfield's crevice-skink | northwestern Australia | |
 |
Egernia hosmeri Kinghorn, 1955 | Hosmer's spiny-tailed skink | Queensland and the Northern Territory. |
| Egernia kingii (Gray, 1838) | King's skink | northwestern Australia | |
| Egernia mcpheei Wells & Wellington, 1984 | eastern crevice-skink, McPhee's egernia | Australia. | |
_Egernia_napoleonis.JPG) |
Egernia napoleonis (Gray, 1838) | southwestern crevice-skink | western Australia. |
 |
Egernia pilbarensis Storr, 1978 | Pilbara crevice-skink | western Australia. |
| Egernia richardi (W. Peters, 1869) | bright crevice-skink, dark spiny-tailed skink | South Australia and Western Australia. | |
 |
Egernia roomi (Wells & Wellington, 1985) | New South Wales. | |
| Egernia rugosa De Vis, 1888 | Yakka skink[4] | Queensland in eastern Australia | |
 |
Egernia saxatilis Cogger, 1960 | Black rock skink, black crevice-skink | Eastern and Southern Australia from central New South Wales to Grampians National Park in Victoria |
 |
Egernia stokesii (Gray, 1845) | gidgee spiny-tailed skink, gidgee skink, Stokes's skink | Australia |
 |
Egernia striolata (W. Peters, 1870) | tree crevice-skink, "tree skink" | Victoria, the Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia. |
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Egernia.
Fossils
edit- † Egernia gillespieae K. Thorn et al., 2019[5]
Splitting Egernia in four
editCladistic analysis of NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4, 12S rRNA, c-mos and β-fibrinogen intron 7 DNA sequence data delimits 3 clades, Bellatorias, Liopholis, and Lissolepis in Egernia sensu lato, which are best regarded as separate genera — as had already been often proposed in former times, as early as the 19th century.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e Gardner, Michael G.; Hugall, Andrew F.; Donnellan, Stephen C.; Hutchinson, Mark N.; Foster, Ralph (2008). "Molecular systematics of social skinks: phylogeny and taxonomy of the Egernia group (Reptilia: Scincidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 154 (4): 781–794. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00422.x.
- ^ O'Connor, D.; Shine, R. (2003). "Lizards in 'nuclear families': a novel reptilian social system in Egernia saxatilis (Scincidae)". Molecular Ecology. 12 (3): 743–752. Bibcode:2003MolEc..12..743O. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01777.x. PMID 12675829.
- ^ a b Austin, J. J.; Arnold, E. N. (2006). "Using ancient and recent DNA to explore relationships of extinct and endangered Leiolopisma skinks (Reptilia: Scincidae) in the Mascarene islands". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 39 (2): 503–511. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.011. PMID 16473026.
- ^ Curtis, Lee K. (February 2012). Queensland's Threatened Animals. Csiro. ISBN 9780643104570.
- ^ Thorn, Kailah M.; Hutchinson, Mark N.; Archer, Michael; Lee, Michael S. Y. (2019). "A new scincid lizard from the Miocene of northern Australia, and the evolutionary history of social skinks (Scincidae: Egerniinae)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): Article e1577873. Bibcode:2019JVPal..39E7873T. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1577873.