Ectopic ureter (or ureteral ectopia) is a medical condition where the ureter, rather than terminating at the urinary bladder, terminates at a different site.[1][2] In males this site is usually the urethra, in females this is usually the urethra or vagina.[3] It can be associated with renal dysplasia,[4] frequent urinary tract infections, and urinary incontinence (usually continuous drip incontinence).[5] Ectopic ureters are found in 1 of every 2000–4000 patients,[6] and can be difficult to diagnose, but are most often seen on CT scans.[7]
| Ectopic ureter | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Ureteral ectopia |
 | |
| These two illustrations are posterior views of all the possible locations of ectopic ureter insertion (red dots) in a female (left illustration) and a male (right illustration). The different colors indicate embryologic origin of structure: a) red = metanephric duct (ureter), b) yellow = urogenital sinus (bladder and urethra), c) blue = Wolffian duct (Gartner's ducts in female, seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia in male), pink = Müllerian ducts (vagina in female, prostatic utricle in male), green = hindgut (rectum). | |
| Specialty | Urology |
Ectopic ureter is commonly a result of a duplicated renal collecting system, a duplex kidney with 2 ureters. In this case, usually one ureter drains correctly to the bladder, with the duplicated ureter presenting as ectopic.[8]
The embryology that explains the pathology of an ectopic ureter is a cephalad origin of the ureteral bud on the mesonephric duct. With an abnormally long common excretory duct, the ureter never becomes incorporated into the bladder, and, therefore, remains ectopic. In the female, the most common locations of an ectopic ureter are the bladder neck, urethra, or Gartner's duct which lies between the urethra and the anterior vaginal wall.[9]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Definition: ectopic ureter from Online Medical Dictionary". Retrieved 2007-12-01.
- ^ "An Ectopic Ureter". Retrieved 2007-12-01.
- ^ "UrologyHealth.org - Pediatric Conditions: Abnormalities - Ectopic Ureter". Archived from the original on 2008-11-14. Retrieved 2009-02-09.
- ^ "Abnormal Ureteric Development". Retrieved 2007-12-01.
- ^ Gordon M, Cervellione RM, Hennayake S (2007). "Constant urinary dribbling due to an ectopic ureter and delays in diagnosis". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 46 (6): 544–6. doi:10.1177/0009922807299311. PMID 17579108. S2CID 21573692.
- ^ "Duplicated Ectopic Ureter" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-02-10.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Diagnosis Of Ectopic Ureter As A Cause Of Urinary Incontinence". Retrieved 2009-02-10.
- ^ "Duplicated Collecting System". Retrieved 2009-02-10.
- ^ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochemical Pharmacology. 24 (17): 1639–41. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(75)90094-5. hdl:10033/333424. PMID 10.
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