Echinarachnius parma

Echinarachnius parma, the common sand dollar, is a species of sand dollar native to the Northern Hemisphere.

Common sand dollar
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Echinodermata
Class:	Echinoidea
Order:	Clypeasteroida
Family:	Echinarachniidae
Genus:	Echinarachnius
Species:	E. parma
Binomial name
Echinarachnius parma Lamarck, 1816
Synonyms
Echinarachinus parma (Lamarck, 1816) (misspelling) Echinarachnius atlanticus L. Agassiz, 1841 (subjective junior synonym) Echinarachnius australiae Michelin, 1859 (subjective junior synonym) Echinarachnius rumphii L. Agassiz, 1841 (subjective junior synonym) Echinarachnius undulatus Michelin, 1859 (subjective junior synonym) Echinodiscus parma (Lamarck, 1816) (transferred to Echinarachnius) Phelsumaster parma (Lamarck, 1816) (transferred to Echinarachnius) Phelsumia parma (Lamarck, 1816) (transferred to Echinarachnius) Scutella parma Lamarck, 1816 (transferred to Echinarachnius) Scutella trifara Say, 1826 (subjective junior synonym)

Subspecies

• Echinarachnius parma obesus H.L. Clark, 1914
• Echinarachnius parma parma (Lamarck, 1816)
• Echinarachnius parma sakkalinensis Argamakowa, 1934

Distribution

It is found in the North Pacific and Northwest Atlantic, on the North American east coast from New Jersey north, as well as in Alaska, Siberia, British Columbia, and Japan. It inhabits isolated areas on sandy bottoms below the low tide level down to a depth of 5,000 feet (1,500 m).

Description

The tests (shells) of these sand dollars are round, flat and disc-like, typically measuring 3 inches (7.6 cm) in diameter. The growth rate for this animal is between 3.5 to 6 mm/yr in the latter 5 years of their lifespan, and the lifespan is typically around 8 years. The entire shell is also covered with maroon-colored moveable spines. The color is a purplish brown, becoming bleached white when deceased and washed ashore. This color occurs due to only the hard, calcified exoskeleton remaining, with further bleaching by sun and saltwater as it reaches the shore. As in other echinoderms, they have five-fold radial symmetry, with a petal-shaped structure, or petalidium, on the aboral surface. The feet containing small hair-like structures (cilia) are located on this surface.The mouth, food grooves, and anus are located on the bottom side of the animal.

This and other species of Echinarachnius have been around since the Pliocene epoch.

Feeding

In terms of feeding, sand dollars are suspension feeders that rely on a specialized structure called Aristotle's Lantern. Their cilia create grooves on the underside of their body that funnel food particles like plankton, detritus, and microscopic organisms toward their central mouth. Their interlocking teeth, known as "doves," work together to grind and process food. This feeding strategy allows them to extract nutrients from the surrounding sediment and water. They are opportunistic feeders.

Reproduction

The reproductive strategy of the common sand dollar includes both sexual and asexual methods, with the latter being particularly fascinating. Sand dollars typically reproduce sexually through external fertilization, where eggs and sperm are released into the water column. However, under certain conditions, particularly in the larval stage, sand dollars exhibit a form of asexual reproduction.

When faced with predation threats, sand dollar larvae can reproduce asexually through budding or fission. This response allows the larvae to split into smaller clones, which are less detectable by predators. The process not only increases the larvae's chances of survival but also enhances the population's ability to persist in predator-rich environments. This strategy is thought to be an evolutionary adaptation to reduce predation pressure on vulnerable larvae.

References

• Say, T. (1826). On the species of the Linnean genus Echinus, inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 5, 225-229
• Gosner, K. L. (1971). Guide to identification of marine and estuarine invertebrates: Cape Hatteras to the Bay of Fundy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 693 p.
• Linkletter, L. E. (1977). A checklist of marine fauna and flora of the Bay of Fundy. Huntsman Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, N.B. 68: p
• Mortensen, T. (1948). A Monograph of the Echinoidea. IV, 2. Clypeasteroida. Clypeasteridæ, Arachnoidæ, Fibulariidæ, Laganidæ and Scutellidæ. 471 pp., C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen.
• Bromley, J.E.C., and J.S. Bleakney. (1984). Keys to the fauna and flora of Minas Basin. National Research Council of Canada Report 24119. 366 p
• Echinarachnius parma, Animal Diversity Web

External links

• Lamarck, J. B. M. de. (1816). Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, Tome troisième [in full: Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres présentant les caractéres généraux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espèces qui s'y rapportent. [book series]. 586 pp. Paris: Deterville/Verdière.]
• Agassiz, L. 1841. Monographies d'Échinodermes vivans et fossiles. Échinites. Famille des Clypéasteroides. 2 (Seconde Monographie). Des Scutelles. Neuchâtel, Switzerland, i-iv, 1-151, pls 1-27
• Michelin, H. 1859. Notice descriptive de quelques espèces nouvelles d'Echinides, famille de Clypéasteroides, tribu Laganides. Revue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquée, 2, vol. 11, 394-401.
• Say, T. (1826). On the species of the Linnean genus Echinus, inhabiting the coast of the United States. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 5, 225-229
• Pollock, L.W. (1998). A practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern North America. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey & London. 367 pp.
• Trott, T. J. (2004). Cobscook Bay inventory: a historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years. Northeastern Naturalist. 11, 261-324