Wikipedia

Dreamlover (song)

Not to be confused with Dream Lover.

"Dreamlover" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter and record producer Mariah Carey, released on July 23, 1993 by Columbia Records, as the lead single from the singer's third studio album, Music Box (1993). Its lyrics were written by Carey, with music composed by Carey and Dave Hall, and was produced by Carey, Walter Afanasieff and Hall. The song incorporates a sample of the hook from "Blind Alley" by the Emotions—previously used in "Ain't No Half-Steppin'" (1988) by Big Daddy Kane—into its melody and instrumentation. "Dreamlover" marked a more pronounced attempt on Carey's part to incorporate hip hop into her music, as was seen in her decision to work with Hall, who had previously produced What's the 411? (1992) by Mary J. Blige.[3] This was partly in light of the mixed reception to her previous studio effort Emotions (1991), which featured gospel and 1960s soul influences. Lyrically, the song pictures a protagonist calling for a perfect lover, her "dreamlover," to whisk her away into the night and not "disillusion" her like others in the past.

"Dreamlover"
Single by Mariah Carey
from the album Music Box
B-side"Do You Think of Me"
"Someday"
ReleasedJuly 23, 1993
Genre
Length3:53
LabelColumbia
Composer(s)
Lyricist(s)Mariah Carey
Producer(s)
Mariah Carey singles chronology
"If It's Over"
(1992) 		"Dreamlover"
(1993) 		"Hero"
(1993)
Music video
"Dreamlover" on YouTube
Alternative cover art
One of U.S. CD maxi-singles

"Dreamlover" received positive reviews from contemporary music critics, many of whom praised the song's incorporated sample, as well as Carey's carefree vocal style. The song was the first of several of her lead singles that sampled older tunes as a musical bed, as seen in "Fantasy" (1995), "Honey" (1997), "Heartbreaker" (1999), and "Loverboy" (2001). It was a global success, becoming Carey's seventh chart topper on the US Billboard Hot 100, remaining there for eight weeks. It peaked at number one in Canada and Panama, and became a top-ten hit in Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal and the United Kingdom.

Carey performed "Dreamlover" live on several televised talk shows around the world, including The Arsenio Hall Show in September 1993, the British music chart program Top of the Pops, and the 1993 Music Fair in Japan. In 1999, following the release of Carey's Rainbow, the song was included in the Mariah Carey Homecoming Special, and her appearance on The Today Show. Additionally, "Dreamlover" was featured in the set-lists of most of her succeeding tours, making its debut on the Music Box Tour (1993). The song was included on Carey's compilation albums, #1's (1998), Greatest Hits (2001), and #1 to Infinity (2015). The European B-side "Do You Think Of Me" is included in the compilation album The Rarities (2020).

The song's music video was filmed by Diane Martel in Copake, New York, in June 1993. It includes an appearance by Carey's dog Jack, and shows Carey dancing in a flowerbed and field, swimming in a large pond, boarding a hot air balloon, and dancing alongside several shirtless male dancers. According to author Chris Nickson, the video's carefree setting harmonized well with the song's soft instrumentation. Due to the song's strong radio airplay and extended charting, the video received frequent play on several music video channels throughout the summer of 1993.

Background

edit

Carey's debut studio album made a strong impact on pop music, but the singer became interested in altering her sound and branching out into other genres for her second studio effort, Emotions (1991).[4] Columbia allowed her to take more control over her musical direction, enabling her to change the musical genre, melodies, and production style. Carey worked with many new musicians and producers on the album; Walter Afanasieff was the only holdover from her debut.[5] Emotions contained influences from gospel, R&B and soul music as well as from 1950s, 60s, and 70s balladry. While the album was praised by some as being more mature and raw, it failed to reach the critical or commercial heights of her debut effort, selling fewer units and failing to introduce Carey into new markets.[6] Columbia decided to return Carey to the same genre as her debut album and have her produce a more commercial and radio-friendly record. Their plans were to tone down Carey's vocals and soften the album's production to create a contemporary pop record.[7] Carey and Afanasieff agreed to the change and began writing and recording material for her third studio effort, Music Box (1993).

Recording

edit

While recording Music Box, Carey began to alter her songwriting style and genre choices, most notably in "Dreamlover". The song is different from anything she had recorded on her previous album, as it leans on R&B[7] and light hip-hop influences.[8] While searching for new record producers for the album, Carey came across Dave Hall, a New York native who was known from his work on Mary J. Blige's debut album, What's the 411? (1992).[9] Carey wanted to incorporate a sampled loop from an older song into "Dreamlover", her second song to do so. The pair reviewed several older tunes and melodies, and chose "Blind Alley", performed by The Emotions in 1972. This song had previously been sampled in Big Daddy Kane's "Ain't No Half-Steppin'", which led Mariah to use the sample for Dreamlover. [10] In an interview with Fred Bronson, Carey described working with Hall:

"I wanted to do something that had a happy feeling, something that was more open and released, and that's really not Dave. It's very anti what he's about. So he said, 'Oh, you want to do that happy stuff? All right, all right.' He was not into doing it. Then we started listening to a lot of different and old loops and we used the 'Blind Alley' loop and I started singing the melody over it."[9]

Although Carey had heard the hook used in several other songs over the years, she felt her use of the sample was done in a more innovative way.[9] "We built the song from there and I wrote the lyrics and the melody and Dave ended up liking it," she continued. After having completed the song, Hall complimented Carey's work ethic and form of writing, calling her a "perfectionist" and "very professional."[10] He explained that they incorporated the hook, a melody, and the sample into the song over the course of one night. The song's title was not added until the end of production.[10] Hall said Carey works in a unique fashion, usually developing the song's instrumentals and hook prior to the lyrics and title.[9] Carey describes the songwriting process:

"The way I usually work is I do an untitled song. We'll grab the hook, whether sampled or created, and use it as the working title. I wrote the verses first, as well as the melody and the inclusion of several instrumentals. Sometimes I'll have an idea for a lyrics. If I'm collaborating with someone, I'll direct them in the direction that I'm going chord wise, because I get all these melody ideas and then I lose them if I don't have someone really good with the keyboard with me. That's why I tend to collaborate because I lose the ideas by the time I figure out the chord. All these melody ideas just go."[9]

When Carey's fiancé at the time, Tommy Mottola, came to hear the song in the studio, he had mixed feelings.[9] He approached Walter Afanasieff and asked him to add some additional instrumentation and flavor.[9] Afanasieff changed the song at the production level, altering the way in which the hook sample was incorporated into the song, as well as adding several new instruments.[10] He described the changes to Bronson in an interview:

"Mariah and Dave did this loop thing which was new to us pop producers at the time. Their version of 'Dreamlover' was missing a lot of stuff. The spirit of the song was up but it wasn't hitting hard enough. I re-worked the drums, organ and keyboard. The organ and hi-hat part I changed made it a bit more swinging and a little bit more driving. I put a whole new shade of colors to it."[9]

Composition and lyrics

edit
 
"Dreamlover"
A 23-second sample from "Dreamlover"'s second chorus. The snippet demonstrates the use of the sampled hook and loop during the chorus and bridge.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

"Dreamlover" is a mid-tempo pop[7] and R&B track with hip hop influences.[8] The song begins at a moderate pace of 100 beats per minute before moving to a "pop-rock groove" of the same tempo after the introduction. It has the sequence of Fmaj7–Gm7–Fmaj7–Gm7 as its chord progression. Carey's vocal range spans three octaves and seven semitones from the low note of F3 to the high note of C7.[11]

The song was written and produced by Carey and Hall, with additional work done by Afanasieff, who added a slightly altered instrumentation.[9] "Dreamlover" samples the hook and a musical loop from "Blind Alley" by R&B group The Emotions. The sampling provides a "backbone" for the instrumentation and production, as well as being inter-looped in the bridge.[9] Carey uses a whistle register to introduce the first verse.

In his review, Jozen Cummings from PopMatters described the song as "pure, frothy pop."[12] Cummings felt Afanasieff's usage of the Hammond B3 organ added "an old school vibe" to "Dreamlover", as it harmonizes with the "extremely catchy musical hook."[12] Cummings describes the theme of the lyrics:

"... the lyric is a description of, and a call for, the mythic Dreamlover; someone to take her away, to 'rescue' her. Fluffy-seeming stuff, to be sure (and possibly cringe-inducing for some folk), but very possibly also an expression of the simplest of romantic dreams: to find the 'right' person; someone who makes you feel taken care of, loved, safe."[12]

Cummings called the second verse's first lines "Don't want another pretender / To disillusion me one more time / Whispering words of forever / Playing with my mind" an "interesting mix of innocence and very grown-up cynicism and world-weariness."[12] Wayne Robins from Newsday compared the vocals to "Motown and Philly soul singing," while praising Afansieff's inclusion of the Hammond B-3 for the way the "riffs provide a nice organic contrast to the synthesizers that dominate the record."[13]

Critical reception

edit
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic     [14]
Stereogum8/10[15]
Sunday Sun7/10[16]

"Dreamlover" received universal acclaim from critics,[17] many of whom praised its production, the sampling of the hook, and the vocals. In reference to the common criticism that Carey over-sings and over-uses her upper registers, Cummings wrote "truth is, she is never crass in the use of her amazing instrument. On 'Dreamlover', especially, she keeps a close, tasteful rein on the acrobatics."[12] Ron Wynn from AllMusic called it personal and intense. He enjoyed Carey's more mature vocal style on the album, as well as the usage of the hook and the instrumentation.[18] J. D. Considine from The Baltimore Sun called its melody "breezy",[19] while The Buffalo News's reviewer described it as "a sassy, pop rocker with a dance beat".[20] Larry Flick from Billboard said it is "direct, unfussy, and profoundly pretty". He added, "The production is elegant but appealingly simplistic. Mariah's openhearted singing is up front, where it belongs, with a funky snare and kick-drum just a subtle half-step behind. The gliding, devotional pledge culminates in a lovely vocals-only tagline."[21] Troy J. Augusto from Cash Box named it Pick of the Week, stating that Carey "tones down the vocal histronics [sic] here, her seductive, captivating voice flowing smoothly and beautifully on this sprite, sparsely produced love song".[22] David Browne from Entertainment Weekly felt the singer's soft singing and lack of volume was hurtful to the song, saying she "lost herself."[23] He thought the hook was catchy, but overly familiar.[23] In 2018, the magazine noted the track's "glorious, frolicking-in-cutoffs groove."[24] Blogger Roger Friedman from Fox News named "Dreamlover" and "Vision of Love" Carey's best, calling them "the original hits."[25]

Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report said that the song is "a pop delight."[26] In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton noted, "This new track debuts strongly then, and being far more catchy and original than most Mariah Carey material may well breach the Top 10 at least."[27] Chris Roberts from Melody Maker praised Carey, who "sings with consummate power, grace and range over a Janet-swing lagoon of a track, both languorous and sassy."[28] Alan Jones from Music Week gave it four out of five and also named it Pick of the Week, deeming it as "an ultra-commercial, hook-laden and impeccably sung confection" that "starts with a supersonic screech and ends with an a capella tag." He added further, "In between, Carey exercises more restraint than usual in the vocal gymnastics department to great effect, proving that sometimes less is more."[29] Jeff Silberman from The Network Forty described it as "a delicious midtempo pop gem, bolstered by in-the-pocket instrumentation, Carey's pristine vocals and a velvet production sound".[30] A reviewer from People Magazine felt that "with its appealing girlish playfulness, it’s the kind of breezy pop she excels at."[31] Tom Moon from The Philadelphia Inquirer called the song "irresistibly bubbly".[32] The Plain Dealer noted that it "starts out with one of those upper-register vocal runs that can make dogs howl and shatter glassware in neighboring states."[33] In a retrospective review, Pop Rescue stated that Carey's vocals "are confident, strong, and also perfectly partnered to this chilled out track", adding it as "wonderful" song.[34] While reviewing Butterfly (1997), Rich Juzwiak of Slant Magazine praised the song's incorporation of the "Blind Alley" hook, saying it was done "as sweetly as possible."[35]

Entertainment Weekly listed the song as one of "The 100 Greatest Moments in Rock Music: The 90s"; it was their top pick for 1993.[36] "Dreamlover" received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.[37]

Chart performance

edit

"Dreamlover" was Carey's seventh number one single on the US Billboard Hot 100, topping the chart in its sixth week and stayed there for eight consecutive weeks (September 5 to October 30, 1993)—her longest stay at the time.[38] It replaced "Can't Help Falling in Love" by UB40, and was later replaced by Meat Loaf's "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)." It spent 26 weeks in the top 40 and was ranked number eight on the Hot 100 1993 Year-End Charts and 20 on the Decade-End Charts.[39][40] The song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on September 22, 1993, denoting shipments of over one million units throughout the United States.[41] It sold 935,000 units domestically.[42] "Dreamlover" holds the joint title of the highest debuting song on the Billboard Pop Songs chart, entering the chart at number 12 on the week dated August 14, 1993, being tied by Taylor Swift's "Shake It Off" in 2014.[43] In Canada, "Dreamlover" became Carey's fifth number one single on the Canadian RPM Singles Chart, debuting at number 60 on the chart during the week of August 14, 1993.[44] Three weeks later, the song reached the chart's number one position; it spent six consecutive weeks at the top and a total of 21 weeks on the singles chart.[45][46] On the RPM Year-End Charts, "Dreamlover" finished at number two.[47]

"Dreamlover" entered the Australian Singles Chart at number 41 during the week of August 23, 1993, eventually reaching a peak of number seven and spending a total of 21 consecutive weeks on the chart. The song was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipments of over 35,000 units throughout the country.[48][49] In New Zealand, "Dreamlover" reached a peak position of number two on the New Zealand Singles Chart and spent sixteen weeks fluctuating on the chart. The Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) certified the song gold for shipments of 7,500 units in the country.[50][51] On the Dutch Top 40, "Dreamlover" debuted at number 36 during the week of August 28, 1993. After attaining a peak of number nine, the song dropped off the top 40 after a chart run of 13 weeks.[52] On the yearly charts, the song finished at number 69.[53] In Switzerland the song peaked at number thirteen and spent sixteen weeks on the singles chart.[54] On the UK Singles Chart, "Dreamlover" reached its peak position of number nine during the week of September 4, 1993.[55] It spent a total of ten weeks on the chart, exiting on October 23, 1993.[56] Sales in the United Kingdom are estimated at 150,000 units.[57]

Music video and remixes

edit

The accompanying music video for "Dreamlover" was directed by Diane Martel and filmed in Copake, New York in June 1993.[58] It was published on Mariah Carey's official YouTube channel in November 2009. The video has amassed more than 35 million views as of September 2021.[59] It features scenes of Carey swimming in a small pond by a waterfall, boarding a colorful hot air balloon, and dancing alongside several shirtless male dancers.[7] As the video begins, Carey is swimming underwater while wearing clothing. She is soon gasping for air and climbing into a flower bed above. As she frolics and rolls in a field, scenes of Carey boarding a hot air balloon are intercut.[7] Her dog Jack makes an appearance, as he follows her through the field and pond. After a short interval of dancing alongside several male dancers, Carey leaves with her dog as the video concludes.[7] After filming the video, Carey revealed that the water was so cold that she refused to swim until the director, Martel, dived in first. Author Chris Nickson felt the video captured the song's soft and relaxed nature: "The casual feel, almost like clips from home movies edited together, captured the song's off-the-shoulder airiness."[7] The video received heavy rotation on several music video channels, which added to the song's chart performance.[7]

"Dreamlover" marked the first time Carey was given creative control over remixing her songs. She enlisted David Morales to create the Def Club Mix; it was the first of Carey's remixes to use re-recorded vocals.[7] An officially-released live version of "Dreamlover", derived from the television special Here Is Mariah Carey (1993), is available. "Dreamlover" B-side track ("Do You Think of Me") was written and produced by Carey, Afanasieff, Cory Rooney, and Mark Morales.[7] Kelefa Sanneh from The New York Times complimented the remix, writing "[It] is a revelation: after a long percussion break, he isolates a few of Ms. Carey's ad-libs; her ultrafalsetto vocals sound spookier than all of Basement Jaxx's sound effects combined."[60]

On August 7, 2020, along with the celebration of the 30th-anniversary of her debut studio album Mariah Carey (1990), as well as Carey celebrating 30 years in the music industry, the song was released as an eleven-track extended play, titled Dreamlover EP, which contains the remixes from the US CD maxi-single, as well as previously unreleased remixes, including 'Def Club Mix Edit', 'Def Club Mix Edit 2005', 'Theo's Club Joint' and 'Bam Jam Soul'. Her live performances at Madison Square Garden for the TV special Fantasy: Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden (1995), and at Proctor's Theatre for the TV special Here Is Mariah Carey (1993), were also included on the EP.[61]

Live performances

edit
 
Mariah Carey performing "Dreamlover" on The Adventures of Mimi Tour in 2006

Carey performed "Dreamlover" on several telecasts in the United States and throughout Europe. She performed the song live on The Arsenio Hall Show with "Hero" as a two-piece set-list.[7] Carey performed "Dreamlover" at British music program Top of the Pops, the Dutch program Platendaagse, and the Japanese program Music Fair.[7] In a promotional effort for her seventh studio album Rainbow, Carey filmed a FOX special titled The Mariah Carey Homecoming Special, a mini-concert filmed at her old high school in Huntington, New York. It was aired on December 21, 1999.[62] "Dreamlover" served as one of the opening numbers. The song was performed on June 1, 2003, at The Today Show as part of a three-song set alongside "Yours" and "Bringin' On the Heartbreak" as a promotion for Carey's 2002 album, Charmbracelet.[63]

Track listing and formats

edit

Credits and personnel

edit

These credits were adapted from the Music Box liner notes.[70]

"Dreamlover" was recorded at Right Track Studios, New York, and mixed at Sony Music Studios, New York.

Charts

edit

Certifications and sales

edit
Region Certification Certified units/sales
Australia (ARIA)[134] 6× Platinum 420,000‡
Canada (Music Canada)[135] Gold 40,000‡
New Zealand (RMNZ)[136] Gold 15,000‡
United Kingdom — 150,000[57]
United States (RIAA)[41] Platinum 1,000,000[42]

‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.

Release history

edit
Release dates and formats for "Dreamlover"
Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref.
United States July 23, 1993
  • 7-inch vinyl
  • cassette
  • CD
 Columbia [41][137]
August 2, 1993 Radio airplay [138]
United Kingdom August 9, 1993
[139]
Japan August 21, 1993 Mini CD Sony Music Japan [140]
Canada September 21, 1993 Maxi CD Columbia [141]
Various August 7, 2020 EP
[142]

See also

edit

References

edit
  1. ^ Gamboa, Glenn (April 12, 2005). "Emancipated but Not Free". Newsday. p. B4 – via Newspapers.com.
  2. ^ Hildebrand, Lee (1994). Stars of Soul and Rhythm & Blues. Billboard Books. p. 38. ISBN 0-8230-7633-4 – via Internet Archive.
  3. ^ "Dreamlover". For The Record. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2020.
  4. ^ Nickson 1998, p. 53
  5. ^ Nickson 1998, p. 55
  6. ^ Nickson 1998, p. 57
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Nickson 1998, p. 80
  8. ^ a b Krewen, Nick (November 11, 1998). "Double Live Sure To Please". Sudbury Star. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bronson 2003, p. 820
  10. ^ a b c d Williams, Chris (July 3, 2011). "Mariah Carey's Music Box LP (1993) Revisited With Co-Writer Walter Afanasieff – Return To The Classics". Soul Culture. Soul Culture Media. Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  11. ^ Hal Leonard (2007). Mariah Carey: Original Keys for Singers. Hal Leonard. pp. 42–48. ISBN 978-1-4234-1996-9.
  12. ^ a b c d e Cummings, Jozen. "Verse-Chorus-Verse: Mariah Carey – "Dreamlover"". PopMatters. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  13. ^ Robins, Wayne (August 29, 1993). "A Craft on 'Music Box'". Newsday. Cablevision. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  14. ^ Promis, Jose F. ""Dreamlover" Review". AllMusic. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  15. ^ Breihan, Tom (February 14, 2022). "The Number Ones: Mariah Carey's 'Dreamlover"". Stereogum. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  16. ^ "Single Select". Too. Sunday Sun. August 29, 1993. p. 16. Retrieved October 12, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ Smith, Troy L. (October 21, 2020). "Every No. 1 song of the 1990s ranked from worst to best". Cleveland.com. Retrieved June 25, 2024. "Dreamlover" was universally loved
  18. ^ Wynn, Ron. "Music Box – Mariah Carey". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Archived from the original on December 31, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2018.
  19. ^ Considine, J. D. (August 31, 1993). "A 'Music Box' Full of Melody". The Baltimore Sun. Tribune Company. Archived from the original on July 1, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  20. ^ "Hot Numbers Salty Rock From Cracker; Spice From Deborah Harry". The Buffalo News. September 3, 1993.
  21. ^ Flick, Larry (August 7, 1993). "Single Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. p. 53. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
  22. ^ Augusto, Troy J. (August 14, 1993). "Pop Singles: Reviews – Pick Of The Week" (PDF). Cash Box. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
  23. ^ a b Browne, David (July 20, 2001). "Music Review – Music Box". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on December 21, 2009. Retrieved August 17, 2010.
  24. ^ "Celebrate Mariah Carey's birthday with the ultimate ranking of her No. 1 hits". Entertainment Weekly. March 27, 2018. p. 94. Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  25. ^ Friedman, Roger (December 6, 2006). "Jessica Simpson: Disaster of Epic Proportions?". Fox News. News Corporation. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  26. ^ Sholin, Dave (July 30, 1993). "Gavin Picks: Singles" (PDF). Gavin Report. p. 66. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  27. ^ Masterton, James (August 15, 1993). "Week Ending August 21st 1993". Chart Watch UK. Archived from the original on September 12, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  28. ^ Roberts, Chris (August 14, 1993). "Singles". Melody Maker. p. 29. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
  29. ^ Jones, Alan (August 14, 1993). "Market Preview: Mainstream – Singles – Pick of the Week" (PDF). Music Week. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  30. ^ "Mainstream: Music Meeting" (PDF). The Network Forty. July 30, 1993. p. 20. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  31. ^ "Picks and Pans Review: Music Box". People. October 4, 1993. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
  32. ^ Moon, Tom (December 3, 1993). "Mariah Carey Taking Mothers Advice". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia Media Holdings. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  33. ^ "Carey Delivers Soulless Material". The Plain Dealer. September 17, 1993. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  34. ^ "Review: "Music Box" by Mariah Carey (CD, 1993)". Pop Rescue. July 22, 2015. Archived from the original on June 20, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  35. ^ Juzwiak, Rich (December 18, 2003). "Music Review: Mariah Carey: Butterfly". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2010.
  36. ^ "The 100 Greatest Moments in Rock Music: The 90s". Entertainment Weekly. May 28, 1999. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  37. ^ "General Categories". Los Angeles Times. January 7, 1994. p. 1. Archived from the original on May 14, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
  38. ^ "Mariah Carey Album & Song Chart History". Billboard. Allmusic. All Media Guide. Archived from the original on November 21, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2010.
  39. ^ Nickson 1998, p. 99
  40. ^ a b "Hot 100 Singles of the '90s". Billboard. December 25, 1999. Retrieved October 15, 2010.
  41. ^ a b c "American single certifications – Mariah Carey – Dreamlover". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved December 12, 2012.
  42. ^ a b Trust, Gary (February 17, 2014). "Ask Billboard: Katy Perry Regains No. 1 Momentum". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
  43. ^ Trust, Gary; Caulfield, Keith (February 14, 2011). "Lady Gaga's 'Born' Blasts Off With Huge Sales & Radio Start". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
  44. ^ "Top Singles – Volume 58, No. 5, August 14, 1993". RPM. August 13, 1993. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  45. ^ "Top Singles – Volume 58, No. 15, October 23, 1993". RPM. October 23, 1993. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  46. ^ "Top Singles – Volume 58, No. 25, January 10, 1994". RPM. January 10, 1994. Archived from the original on October 22, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
  47. ^ a b "The RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1993". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on October 12, 2021. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  48. ^ "Mariah Carey: Dreamlover". ARIA Charts. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  49. ^ Kent, David (2003). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  50. ^ "Mariah Carey: Dreamlover". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on May 18, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  51. ^ Scapolo, Dean (2007). The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966–2006. Wellington, N.Z: Maurienne House. ISBN 978-1-877443-00-8.
  52. ^ "Mariah Carey: Dreamlover". Dutch Top 40. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  53. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1993" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on February 15, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2011.
  54. ^ "Mariah Carey: Dreamlover". Swiss Music Charts. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on December 31, 2010. Retrieved April 18, 2011.
  55. ^ "Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive". Official Charts Company. September 4, 1993. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  56. ^ "Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive". Official Charts Company. October 23, 1993. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  57. ^ a b "Mariah Carey Official Top 20 Best Selling Singles in the UK". MTV. MTV Networks Europe. Archived from the original on June 6, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2010.
  58. ^ Nickson 1998, p. 107
  59. ^ "Mariah Carey – Dreamlover (Official HD Video)". YouTube. November 24, 2009. Archived from the original on September 28, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  60. ^ Sanneh, Kelefah (October 30, 2003). "Critic's Choice/New CD's; Disco, Alive and Dancing". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2011.
  61. ^ Wass, Mike (August 7, 2020). "Mariah Carey Drops Three 'Music Box' Remix EPs". Idolator. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  62. ^ Shapiro 2001, pp. 133–134
  63. ^ Gardner, Elysa (May 22, 2006). "Hot Again, Carey Launches a Summer Tour". USA Today. Gannett Company. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  64. ^ Dreamlover (Austrian CD Maxi-Single liner notes). Mariah Carey. Columbia Records. 1993. 659444 9.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  65. ^ Dreamlover (European 7" Vinyl liner notes). Mariah Carey. Columbia Records. 1993. COL 659444 7.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  66. ^ Dreamlover (European CD Maxi-Single liner notes). Mariah Carey. Columbia Records. 1993. COL 659444 2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  67. ^ Dreamlover (UK CD Single liner notes). Mariah Carey. Columbia Records. 1993. 659444 5.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  68. ^ Dreamlover (US CD Maxi-Single liner notes). Mariah Carey. Columbia Records. 1993. 44K 77079.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  69. ^ "Dreamlover EP by Mariah Carey". iTunes. Archived from the original on December 4, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
  70. ^ Carey, Mariah (1993). Music Box (Liner Notes) (Compact Disc). Mariah Carey. New York City: Columbia Records.
  71. ^ "Mariah Carey – Dreamlover". ARIA Top 50 Singles. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  72. ^ "Mariah Carey – Dreamlover" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  73. ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 2242." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  74. ^ "Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 2257." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  75. ^ "Top RPM Dance/Urban: Issue 2266." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  76. ^ a b Lwin, Nanda (2000). Top 40 Hits: The Essential Chart Guide. Music Data Canada. p. 59. ISBN 1-896594-13-1.
  77. ^ "Hits of the World" (PDF). Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  78. ^ "Adult Contemporary Europe – ACE Top 25" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 10, no. 39. September 25, 1993. p. 28. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  79. ^ "European Dance Radio – EDR Top 25" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 10, no. 39. September 25, 1993. p. 28. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
  80. ^ "Carey Claims Crown". Music & Media. Vol. 10, no. 39. September 25, 1993. p. 30.
  81. ^ Pennanen, Timo (2021). "Mariah Carey". Sisältää hitin – 2. laitos Levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla 1.1.1960–30.6.2021 (PDF) (in Finnish). Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava. p. 42. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  82. ^ "Mariah Carey – Dreamlover" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  83. ^ "Mariah Carey – Dreamlover" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  84. ^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (9 September 1993 – 15 September 1993)" (PDF) (in Icelandic). Dagblaðið Vísir – Tónlist. Retrieved February 4, 2018.[permanent dead link‍]
  85. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Dreamlover". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  86. ^ "M-1 Top 40". M-1.fm. October 24, 1993. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  87. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 40, 1993" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  88. ^ "Mariah Carey – Dreamlover" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
  89. ^ "Mariah Carey – Dreamlover". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  90. ^ "Discos más populares en Latinoamérica". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish): 48. October 16, 1993. Archived from the original on July 15, 2022. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
  91. ^ "Mariah Carey – dorobek wykonawcy na LP3" (in Polish). LP3. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  92. ^ "Top 10 Sales in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 10, no. 37. September 11, 1993. p. 14. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
  93. ^ "Mariah Carey – Dreamlover". Singles Top 100. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  94. ^ "Mariah Carey – Dreamlover". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  95. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
  96. ^ "Airplay". Music Week. September 11, 1993. p. 20.
  97. ^ "Dance Singles" (PDF). Music Week. August 28, 1993. p. 28. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 30, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  98. ^ "The RM Club Chart". Record Mirror Dance Update. Music Week. September 11, 1993. p. 4.
  99. ^ "Mariah Carey Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  100. ^ "Mariah Carey Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  101. ^ "Mariah Carey Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  102. ^ "Mariah Carey Chart History (Dance Singles Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved April 23, 2022.
  103. ^ "Mariah Carey Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  104. ^ "Mariah Carey Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  105. ^ "Mariah Carey Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  106. ^ Downey, Pat; Albert, George; Hoffman, Frank (1994). Cash Box Pop Singles Charts 1950–1993. Libraries Unlimited. p. 50. ISBN 1-56308-316-7. OL 1105653M.
  107. ^ "Top 100 R&B Singles". Cash Box. October 9, 1993. p. 14 – via Internet Archive.
  108. ^ "Gavin A/C". Gavin Report. October 1, 1993. p. 20.
  109. ^ "Gavin Top 40". Gavin Report. October 1, 1993. p. 10.
  110. ^ "Gavin Urban". Gavin Report. October 1, 1993. p. 18.
  111. ^ a b c "National Airplay Overview". Radio & Records. October 8, 1993. p. 88. ProQuest 1017270536.
  112. ^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
  113. ^ "1993 ARIA Singles Chart". ARIA. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  114. ^ "The RPM Top 100 A\C Tracks of 1993". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  115. ^ "The RPM Top 50 Dance Tracks of 1993". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  116. ^ Lwin, Nanda (1997). Canada's Top Hits of the Year 1975–1996. Music Data Canada. p. 118. ISBN 1-896594-10-7.
  117. ^ "1993 Year-End Airplay Charts: European Dance Radio" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 10, no. 51/52. December 18, 1993. p. 18. Retrieved February 26, 2024.
  118. ^ "Jaarlijsten 1993" (in Dutch). Stichting Nederlandse Top 40. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  119. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1993" (in Dutch). GfK Dutch Charts. Archived from the original on June 28, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  120. ^ "Top Selling Singles of 1993". RIANZ. Archived from the original on February 10, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
  121. ^ "Najlepsze single na UK Top 40-1993 wg sprzedaży" (in Polish). Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 11, 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  122. ^ "Airplay Top 50 1993" (PDF). Music Week. January 15, 1994. p. 41. Retrieved May 3, 2024.
  123. ^ "The RM Club Chart 93" (PDF). Music Week, in Record Mirror (Dance Update Supplemental insert). December 25, 1993. p. 4. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
  124. ^ "The Year in Music". Billboard. December 25, 1993. p. YE-20. ProQuest 1505996831.
  125. ^ "The Year in Music". Billboard. December 25, 1993. p. YE-46. ProQuest 1506000680.
  126. ^ "The Year in Music". Billboard. December 25, 1993. p. YE-53. ProQuest 1505996942.
  127. ^ "The Year in Music". Billboard. December 25, 1993. p. YE-29. ProQuest 1505997252.
  128. ^ "The Top 93 of 1993". Radio & Records. December 10, 1993. p. 48. ProQuest 1017265035.
  129. ^ "The Top 93 of 1993". Radio & Records. December 10, 1993. p. 37. ProQuest 1017267685.
  130. ^ "The Top 93 of 1993". Radio & Records. December 10, 1993. p. 44. ProQuest 1017270378.
  131. ^ "The Year in Music". Billboard. December 24, 1994. pp. YE-30, YE-68 – via Google Books.
  132. ^ Lwin, Nanda. "Top 100 singles of the 1990s". Jam!. Archived from the original on August 29, 2000. Retrieved March 26, 2022.
  133. ^ "Greatest of All Time Pop Songs". Billboard. August 1, 2018. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  134. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2019 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved August 17, 2020.
  135. ^ "Canadian single certifications – Mariah Carey – Dreamlover". Music Canada. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
  136. ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Mariah Carey – Dreamlover". Radioscope. Retrieved December 17, 2024. Type Dreamlover in the "Search:" field.
  137. ^ "Hot 100 Singles". Billboard. August 7, 1993. p. 74. ProQuest 1505958410.
  138. ^ Flick, Larry (August 7, 1993). "Garth, Mariah Lead Parade of Aug.. Releases". Billboard. p. 9. ProQuest 1505957559.
  139. ^ "Single Releases". Music Week. August 7, 1993. p. 21.
  140. ^ "ドリームラバー" ["Dream Lover"] (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved December 21, 2024.
  141. ^ "Mariah Carey". Sony Music Canada. Archived from the original on November 27, 2003.
  142. ^ "'Dreamlover' EP" (in Japanese). Mora. Retrieved December 21, 2024.

Works cited

Retrieved from "https://en.wiki.x.io/w/index.php?title=Dreamlover_(song)&oldid=1264390911"