Dongfanghong (Chinese: 东方红; pinyin: Dōngfāng Hóng; lit. 'The East is Red') was a satellite program of the People's Republic of China. The program started in August 1965 as Project 651—a less ambitious successor to the earlier Project 581—with the goal of launching a satellite heavier than both Sputnik 1 and Explorer 1 into space, and developing all the necessary technologies to do so.[1]
History
editIn 1958, the Chinese Academy of Science proposed Project 581 which included a plan to launch a satellite into space before 1 October 1959. The project was troubled due to the country's lack of expertise in the field of rocketry. On 21 January 1959, Zhang Jingfu, who was in charge in the satellite research program, postponed the project to allow effort to be put into developing more basic technologies, such as sounding rocketry. In December 1964, during the 3rd National People's Congress, Zhao Jiuzhang suggested that the work on satellites be resumed. In August 1968, the Central Special Committee approved Chinese Academy of Science's plan, which later became Project 651.[1]
In June 1965, the Central Special Committee made the decision to pursue development of a launch vehicle. As per the request of Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (COSTIND), the vehicle's first stage and second stage would be based on a DF-4 long range missile. A solid-fueled third stage was added to the design.[2]
On 24 April 1970, Dong Fang Hong 1 was launched. After reaching orbit, it transmitted a tone-generator rendition of the Chinese song "The East is Red" for 28 days.[1]
Effect on the name of the Soviet Salyut programme
editAccording to Boris Chertok's memoirs, when the first Soviet space station, Salyut 1, was under construction, its designated name was "Zarya" (which means "Dawn", in Russian). When the Soviets realized that the Chinese had a space program with a similar name ("Dongfanghong" was also rendered as Zarya into Russian), they renamed their space station to "Salyut" ("Firework"), to avoid confusion.[3]
Later iterations
editDongfanghong satellite program later developed satellite bus to use the base platform and structure for other Chinese satellites and spacecraft.
DFH-2
editDFH-2 is the first-generation, spin-stabilized large satellite bus from China, developed in the late 1970s. The first launch was in 1984.[4]
DFH-3
editDFH-3 is the second-generation 3-axis stabilized, large satellite bus from China, developed in 1987. It could be used for geosynchronous communications and navigation satellites, and deep space exploration.[5]
DFH-4
editDFH-4 is the third-generation, 3-axis stabilized, large satellite bus developed by China.[6] The satellite bus was designed and developed from 1999 to 2005.[7] The maiden flight was launched on 29 October 2006.[8] The satellite bus had first international customer in 2007.[9]
DFH-5
editDFH-5 is the fourth-generation, 3-axis stabilized, satellite bus developed by China. First satellite was operational in 2017.[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c Zhao, Zhuqing, ed. (14 April 2010). ""东方红一号"中国第一颗人造卫星诞生内幕" [Dongfanghong-1: The inside story of China's first satellite]. People.cn. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
- ^ Xie, Guangyuan (9 November 2007). Zhang, Wenjun (ed.). "长征一号的研制历程" [The development of Long March-1]. People.cn.
- ^ Boris Chertok, Rockets and People, Volume 4: The Moon Race. Chapter 14 Archived 21 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine in the Russian edition.
- ^ "DFH-2". astronautix. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
- ^ The Passing of remoteness? : information revolution in the Asia-Pacific. Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre. ISBN 978-9971988357.
- ^ "APSTAR-9 rides uphill on China's Long March 3B". Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
- ^ "通信卫星"东方红四号"要上天 预计四年完成". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ "鑫诺二号事故:中国将损失1000亿？". Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ "中国向委内瑞拉在轨交付"委星1号"通信卫星". Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2010.
- ^ "DFH-5". astronautix. Archived from the original on 27 June 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2023.