Dogsomyn Bodoo[a] (1885–1922)[1] was a prominent early 20th century Mongolian politician who was one of the founding members of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party. He was elected leader of the provisional revolutionary government and following the Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1921 became the country's first Prime Minister from July 1921 to January 1922. A power struggle led to his resignation on January 7, 1922. He was subsequently charged with treason for conspiring to overthrow the government, and was executed on August 31, 1922.[2][3]
Dogsomyn Bodoo Догсомын Бодоо | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 5th Prime Minister of Mongolia | |
| In office April 16, 1921 – January 7, 1922 | |
| Preceded by | Dambyn Chagdarjav |
| Succeeded by | Jalkhanz Khutagt Sodnomyn Damdinbazar |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Mandshir Hutagt, Töv Province, Mongolia, Qing China |
| Died | 31 August 1922 (aged 37) Khüree, Mongolia |
Early life
edit
Bodoo was born in 1885 in Mandshir Hutagt in present-day Töv Province. He obtained his elementary education at the Manjusri Monastery and then studied at the Mongolian Language and Literature School in Khüree (present-day Ulan Bator). He later became a scribe at the Shaviyn Yaam (religious affairs office) and then a Mongolian Language teacher at the Russian-Mongolian School for Translators.[4] He was literate in Mongolian, Tibetan, Manchu and Chinese.[5] He became the Khüree representative of the Harbin newspaper Mongolyn Sonin Bichig and, under the pseudonym Bold or Bo, correspondent and editor of Shine Tol' and Niislel Hüreeniy Sonin Bichig newspapers.[6]
Founding of the Mongolian People's Party
editExposed to Russian Bolshevism through his contacts and acquaintances at the Russian consulate, Bodoo founded the secret anti-Chinese resistance and revolutionary organization Konsulyn Denj (Консулын дэнж or Consular Hill group) after the occupation of Khüree by the Chinese general Xu Shuzheng in late 1919. Other members of the group included Dambyn Chagdarjav, Darizavyn Losol, and Khorloogiin Choibalsan, who acted as Bodoo's Russian interpreter.[7] Encouraged by contacts at the Russian consulate, Bodoo's group eventually merged with another resistance group Züün Hüree whose membership included Soliin Danzan, Dansrabilegiin Dogsom, and Damdin Sükhbaatar. On June 25, 1920,[8] the new organization renamed itself the Mongolian People’s Party (MPP).[9]
Bodoo was a member of the first MPP delegation that included Choibalsan, Danzan, Losol, Chagdarjav, Dogsom, and Sükhbaatar (the famous "First Seven") that journeyed to Russia to establish contact with the Soviets in 1920.[10] He was named Minister of External Affairs in the provisional government at the MPP conference (subsequently regarded as the first congress of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party) held secretly in Troitskosavsk, Russia from March 1 to 3, 1921. A month later he was also named Prime Minister after Chagdarjav was relieved of the position.[11]
Prime minister
editBodoo became the Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of the revolutionary government following the "liberation" of Khüree from forces loyal to Roman von Ungern-Sternberg by joint Mongol and Red Army forces on July 6, 1921. He signed and issued Mongolia's Declaration of Independence on September 14, 1921.[12]
Soon thereafter, however, the political rivalry between Bodoo and Soliin Danzan intensified when Danzan lost his seat as party leader to a relative of Bodoo's. Danzan, who was Minister of Finance, engineered various plots to oust the Prime Minister from office by persuading influential figures that Bodoo was "short-tempered, short-sighted" and not a serious person.[13]
Downfall
editDanzan's accusations gained traction in late 1921 after Bodoo's campaign (initially instigated by the Soviets) to "modernize" the people by forcibly cutting off “feudal” ornaments from Mongolian deels such as large cuffs, women’s jewelry, and even long hair resulted in an angry public backlash.[14] Sensing Bodoo's weak political position, Danzan accused him of plotting with the charismatic independence leader Ja Lama as well as with the Chinese and Americans, to undermine the revolution and establish an autocratic government. On January 7, 1922 Bodoo resigned from all of his positions within the government, ostensibly for health reasons.[15]
Death
editDanzan nevertheless pursued charges against Bodoo until he was convicted of conspiring with reactionary enemies to destroy the government. Bodoo and several other former ministers, including his predecessor Dambyn Chagdarjav, were arrested and interrogated by a Russian agent. Bodoo, along with 14 other "dissenters",[16] was executed by shooting on August 31, 1922.[17]
To blunt criticism of Bodoo's execution by powerful religious groups (Bodoo was a lama), party leaders including Sühkbaatar invited the Hutagt, or saint incarnate, Jalkhanz Khutagt Sodnomyn Damdinbazar to become the next prime minister.[18]
Following his death, Bodoo was stigmatized by official historians as a traitor and counter-revolutionary, especially during Choibalsan's rule. His contributions to the revolution were, for the most part ignored and forgotten.[19] Bodoo was rehabilitated in 1962.[20]
Notes
edit- ^ Mongolian: Догсомын Бодоо, romanized: Dogsomiin Bodoo, [tɔqsɞ̜ˈmiŋ pɔˈtɔ]
References
edit- ^ "Countries Me-My".
- ^ Bisher, Jamie (2005). White Terror. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-5690-8.
- ^ Bagaryn Shirendyb; et al. (1976). History of the Mongolian People's Republic. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-39862-7.
- ^ Sanders, Alan J. K. (1996). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-3077-6.
- ^ Baabar (1999). History of Mongolia. Cambridge: Monsudar Publishing. p. 197. ISBN 978-99929-0-038-3.
- ^ Sanders 1996, p. 26
- ^ Bawden, C.R. (1989). The Modern History of Mongolia. London: Kegan Paul International Ltd. pp. 206. ISBN 978-0-7103-0326-4.
- ^ Kh. Choibalsan, D. Losol, D. Demid, Mongolyn ardyn ündesnii khuv'sgal ankh üüseg baiguulagdsan tovch tüükh [A short history of the Mongolian revolution] (Ulaanbaatar, 1934), v. 1, p. 56.
- ^ Baabar, B., Ibd. pp 199
- ^ Sanders, Ibd
- ^ Sanders 1996, p. 42.
- ^ Babaar 1999, pg. 219
- ^ Baabar 1999, pg. 229-230
- ^ Baabar 1999, p. 231
- ^ Baabar 1999, p. 231
- ^ Jones, Derek (2001-12-01). Censorship: A World Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-79863-4.
- ^ Sanders 1996, p. 27
- ^ Sanders 1996, p, 49
- ^ Adle, Chahryar (2005-01-01). History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the contemporary period : from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century. UNESCO. p. 363. ISBN 978-92-3-103985-0.
- ^ Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010-05-20). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Scarecrow Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-8108-7452-7.