Divina proportione (15th century Italian for Divine proportion), later also called De divina proportione (converting the Italian title into a Latin one) is a book on mathematics written by Luca Pacioli and illustrated by Leonardo da Vinci, completed by February 9th, 1498[1] in Milan and first printed in 1509.[2] Its subject was mathematical proportions (the title refers to the golden ratio) and their applications to geometry, to visual art through perspective, and to architecture. The clarity of the written material and Leonardo's excellent diagrams helped the book to achieve an impact beyond mathematical circles, popularizing contemporary geometric concepts and images.[3][4]
 Title page of 1509 edition | |
| Author | Luca Pacioli |
|---|---|
| Illustrator | Leonardo da Vinci |
| Language | Italian |
| Subject | Geometry, Architecture |
| Publisher | Paganini (Venice) |
Publication date | 1509 |
| Publication place | Republic of Venice |
Some of its content was plagiarised from an earlier book by Piero della Francesca, De quinque corporibus regularibus.
Contents of the book
editThe book consists of three separate manuscripts,[2] which Pacioli worked on between 1496 and 1498. He credits Fibonacci as the main source for the mathematics he presents.[5]
Compendio divina proportione
editThe first part, Compendio divina proportione (Compendium on the Divine Proportion), studies the golden ratio from a mathematical perspective (following the relevant work of Euclid), giving mystical and religious meanings to this ratio, in seventy-one chapters.[2] Pacioli points out that golden rectangles can be inscribed by an icosahedron,[6] and in the fifth chapter, gives five reasons why the golden ratio should be referred to as the "Divine Proportion":[7]
- Its value represents divine simplicity.
- Its definition invokes three lengths, symbolizing the Holy Trinity.
- Its irrationality represents God's incomprehensibility.
- Its self-similarity recalls God's omnipresence and invariability.
- Its relation to the dodecahedron, which represents the quintessence
It also contains a discourse on the regular and semiregular polyhedra,[8][9] as well as a discussion of the use of geometric perspective by painters such as Piero della Francesca, Melozzo da Forlì and Marco Palmezzano.
Trattato dell'architettura
editThe second part, Trattato dell'architettura (Treatise on Architecture), discusses the ideas of Vitruvius (from his De architectura) on the application of mathematics to architecture in twenty chapters. The text compares the proportions of the human body to those of artificial structures, with examples from classical Greco-Roman architecture.
Libellus in tres partiales divisus
editThe third part, Libellus in tres partiales divisus (Book divided into three parts), is a translation into Italian of Piero della Francesca's Latin book De quinque corporibus regularibus [On [the] Five Regular Solids].[2][8] It does not credit della Francesca for this material, and in 1550 Giorgio Vasari wrote a biography of della Francesca, in which he accused Pacioli of plagiarism and claimed that he stole della Francesca's work on perspective, on arithmetic and on geometry.[2] Because della Francesca's book had been lost, these accusations remained unsubstantiated until the 19th century, when a copy of della Francesca's book was found in the Vatican Library and a comparison confirmed that Pacioli had copied it.[10][11]
Illustrations
editAfter these three parts are appended two sections of illustrations, the first showing twenty-three capital letters drawn with a ruler and compass by Pacioli and the second with some sixty illustrations in woodcut after drawings by Leonardo da Vinci.[12] Leonardo drew the illustrations of the regular solids while he lived with and took mathematics lessons from Pacioli. Leonardo's drawings are probably the first illustrations of skeletonic solids which allowed an easy distinction between front and back.
Another collaboration between Pacioli and Leonardo existed: Pacioli planned a book of mathematics and proverbs called De Viribus Quantitatis (The powers of numbers)[13] which Leonardo was to illustrate, but Pacioli died before he could publish it.[14]
History
editPacioli produced three manuscripts of the treatise by different scribes. He gave the first copy with a dedication to the Duke of Milan, Ludovico il Moro; this manuscript is now preserved in Switzerland at the Bibliothèque de Genève in Geneva. A second copy was donated to Galeazzo da Sanseverino and now rests at the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan. On 1 June 1509 the first printed edition was published in Venice by Paganino Paganini;[15] it has since been reprinted several times.
The book was displayed as part of an exhibition in Milan between October 2005 and October 2006 together with the Codex Atlanticus.[16] The "M" logo used by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York was adapted from one in Divina proportione.[17]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Tennenbaum Pacioli-Divine-Proportion PDF | PDF | Axiom | Geometry". Scribd. Retrieved 8 February 2022.
- ^ a b c d e O'Connor, J J; Robertson, E F (July 1999). "Luca Pacioli". School of Mathematics and Statistics. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ^ Hart, George W. "Luca Pacioli's Polyhedra". Virtual Polyhedra. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
- ^ Hoechsmann, Klaus Hoechsmann (1 April 2001). "The Rose and the Nautilus". University of British Columbia. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ^ Livio 2003, p. 130.
- ^ Livio 2003, p. 132.
- ^ Livio 2003, pp. 130, 131.
- ^ a b Gardes, Michel (20 June 2001). "La Divine Proportion de Luca Pacioli" (in French). Académie de Poitiers. Archived from the original on 27 January 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ^ Field, J F (1997). "Rediscovering the Archimedean polyhedra: Piero della Francesca, Luca Pacioli, Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer, Daniele Barbaro, and Johannes Kepler". Arch. Hist. Exact Sci. 50 (3–4): 241–289. doi:10.1007/BF00374595. S2CID 118516740.
- ^ Davis, Margaret Daly (1977). Piero Della Francesca's Mathematical Treatises: The Trattato D'abaco and Libellus de Quinque Corporibus Regularibus. Longo Editore. pp. 98–99.
- ^ Peterson, Mark A. (1997). "The geometry of Piero della Francesca". The Mathematical Intelligencer. 19 (3): 33–40. doi:10.1007/BF03025346. MR 1475147. S2CID 120720532.
- ^ "Divina proportione, after Leonardo da Vinci". The Collection Online. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ^ Tiago Hirth (2015). Luca Pacioli and his 1500 book De Viribus Quantitatis' (PDF) (MA thesis) (in Portuguese). University of Lisbon.
- ^ Livio 2003, p. 137.
- ^ Nuovo, Angela (2014). "PAGANINI, Paganino". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian). Vol. 80. Treccani. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
- ^ "The Virtual Codex Atlanticus". Leonardo3. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ^ "Renaissance 'M' Bookmark". The Met Store. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
Works cited
edit- Livio, Mario (2003) [2002]. The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number (First trade paperback ed.). New York City: Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-0816-0.