Dillenia alata, commonly known as red beech, golden guinea flower or golden guinea tree, is a tree in the Dilleniaceae family, found in New Guinea, and the Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia. It has found some popularity as an ornamental for tropical parks and large gardens due to its colourful flowers and fruit.
| Red beech | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Dilleniales |
| Family: | Dilleniaceae |
| Genus: | Dillenia |
| Species: | D. alata
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| Binomial name | |
| Dillenia alata | |
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| Synonyms[3] | |
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Description
editDillenia alata is a medium-sized tree, growing to 20 m (66 ft) tall with a trunk up to 60 cm (24 in) diameter and a dense shady crown. It has a distinctive reddish brown, papery bark that peels easily. The leaves are simple and entire, that is, they have no marginal teeth, lobes or any other divisions of the leaf blade. They are glossy dark green and rather large, measuring up to 25 cm (9.8 in) long and 12 cm (4.7 in) wide, and there are between 8 and 14 lateral veins either side of the midrib. They are arranged spirally on the twigs, on petioles (leaf stalks) about 4 cm (1.6 in) long. The petioles are broadly and conspicuously winged, and they sheath the twig.[4][5][6][7][8]
The inflorescence is a raceme carrying up to 4 flowers, borne on the twigs more or less opposite a leaf, with each flower being held on a pedicel about 4 cm (1.6 in) long. The green calyx has five lobes in two whorls—the inner whorl has three lobes about 20 mm (0.8 in) long, and the outer with two lobes up to 13 mm (0.5 in) long. There are five (sometimes six) yellow, rounded petals about 4 cm (1.6 in) long and 2.5 cm (1 in) wide. Two circles of stamens are at the centre, the outer yellow ones are shorter and number about 100, the inner ones are taller, pink-red and number about 20. There are 6–8 carpels arranged around the receptacle with pink-red styles up to 12 mm (0.5 in) long; each carpel has 8–10 ovaries.[4][5][6]
The distinctive fruit is a dehiscent red capsule with a persistent calyx. It opens widely at maturity, spliting into 8 valves (or segments) and revealing a number of 4 mm (0.16 in) long black seeds which are fully enclosed in a waxy white aril.[4][5][6]
Phenology
editFlowering of this species has been observed throughout the year, but with a peak from June to September and a low around March.[5][9]
Taxonomy
editThe species was originally named Wormia alata by the Scottish botanist Robert Brown, and later formally described in 1817 by the Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle.[10][11] His description was based on plant material collected by Joseph Banks at Point Lookout, Endeavour River, during James Cook's first voyage of discovery in 1770.[4]
The species was transferred to the genus Dillenia by Italian botanist Ugolino Martelli in 1886.[12]
Etymology
editThe genus name Dillenia was given in honour of the German-born botanist Johann Jacob Dillenius.[5][6] The specific epithet, alata, is derived from the Latin word āla, winged, and is a reference to the winged petioles.[6][13]
Distribution and habitat
editThe species is native to the islands of Waigeo, New Guinea, and the Torres Strait, as well as the Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia. In New Guinea the majority of observations occur in the southernmost region of the island, adjacent to the Torres Strait. In the Northern Territory the species mostly occurs in the northeast of Arnhem Land, while in Queensland it occurs from the Torres Strait islands south along the east coast of Cape York Peninsula to about Cardwell.[14][4][5][6]
It grows in rainforest, monsoon forest, and open woodland, but is most common in lowland forests in very wet areas such as coastal swamps and near watercourses. The altitudinal range is from sea level up to about 600 m (2,000 ft).[4][5][6]
Ecology
editThe flowers are probably pollinated by carpenter bees (genus Xylocopa), and the fruit are eaten by a number of birds including the eclectus parrot (Eclectus polychloros). The tree is also host to larvae of the Queensland moth Pollanisus commoni.[5][6]
Conservation
editAs of September 2024[update], this species is considered to be of least concern by the IUCN, the Northern Territory Government and the Queensland Government. The IUCN statement says that the tree has "a very wide distribution, large population, [and] is not currently experiencing any major threats". It also states that no future threats are anticipated at this time.[1][15][16]
Cultivation
editThis species has "considerable horticultural merit",[4] and the Australian botanist David L. Jones, in his book Rainforest Plants of Australia, said "A striking ornamental, common along stream banks and in swampy soils. The leaves, bark, flowers and fruit are all highly decorative features".[7] In the city of Cairns, Queensland, more than 200 of these trees have been planted across the city by the Cairns Regional Council, mostly in parks and larger gardens.[17]
Gallery
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Trunk showing red flaky bark -
Foliage -
Distinctive flattened petioles -
Flower -
Dehisced fruit with seeds
References
edit- ^ a b Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) & IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019) [amended version of 2018 assessment]. "Dillenia alata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136088987A144797929. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136088987A144797929.en. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
- ^ "Dillenia alata". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI). Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ a b "Dillenia alata". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Dillenia alata". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants (RFK8). Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Hammer, Timothy A.; Thiele, Kevin R. (2022). Kodela, P.G. (ed.). "Dillenia alata". Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Cooper, Wendy; Cooper, William T. (June 2004). Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest. Clifton Hill, Victoria, Australia: Nokomis Editions. p. 150. ISBN 9780958174213. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ a b Jones, David L. (1986). Rainforest Plants of Australia. Bowgowlah, NSW, Australia: Reed Books. p. 211. ISBN 0-7301-0381-1.
- ^ Hoogland, R.D. (1948). "Dilleniaceae". Flora Malesiana - Series I: Spermatophyta. Vol. 4. Djakarta: Noordhoff-Kolff. p. 165.
- ^ "Dillenia alata (Red Beech) - flower and fruits chart". iNaturalist. Retrieved 27 September 2024.
- ^ "Dillenia alata". International Plant Names Index (IPNI) (2021). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
- ^ de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1817). Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale, sive Ordines, Genera et Species Plantarum Secundum Methodi Naturalis Normas Digestarum et Descriptarum. Vol. 1. p. 434. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
- ^ Martelli, U. (1886). Beccari, O. (ed.). Malesia. Vol. 3. p. 157. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.79357. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
- ^ "alatus/alata/alatum, AO". Latin Is Simple. Erhalt und Digitalisierung indoeuropäischer Sprachen. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
- ^ "Dillenia alata (R.Br. ex DC.) Martelli". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2024. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
- ^ "Dillenia alata (R.Br. ex DC.) Martelli". FloraNT. Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ "Species profile—Dillenia alata". Queensland Department of Environment and Science. Queensland Government. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
- ^ "TreePlotter". Cairns Regional Council’s Street and Park Tree Database. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
External links
edit
- View a map of historical sightings of this species at the Australasian Virtual Herbarium
- View observations of this species on iNaturalist
- View images of this species on Flickriver.com