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The Detroit Diesel Series 53 is a two-stroke diesel engine series, available in both inline and V configurations, manufactured by Detroit Diesel as a more compact alternative to the older Series 71 for medium and heavy duty trucks. The number 53 refers to the nominal swept displacement per cylinder in cubic inches.
| Series 53 | |
|---|---|
 6V-53 in a M113 armored personnel carrier | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Detroit Diesel |
| Production | 1957–1995 |
| Layout | |
| Configuration | Multi-cylinder, inline and V-type |
| Displacement | 53 cu in (0.9 L) (per cylinder) |
| Cylinder bore | 3+7⁄8 in (98 mm) |
| Piston stroke | 4+1⁄2 in (114 mm) |
| Cylinder block material | Cast iron |
| Valvetrain | Pushrod-operated 2 or 4 valves per cyl. |
| Compression ratio | |
| Combustion | |
| Turbocharger | On some versions |
| Fuel system | Unit fuel injection |
| Fuel type | Diesel |
| Cooling system | Water-cooled |
| Output | |
| Power output | 98–233 hp (73–174 kW) |
| Torque output | 205–568 lb⋅ft (278–770 N⋅m) |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 33–40 in (840–1,020 mm) |
| Width | 27–40 in (690–1,020 mm) |
| Height | 35–41 in (890–1,040 mm) |
| Dry weight | 965–1,695 lb (438–769 kg) |
| Chronology | |
| Predecessor | Series 71 |
| Successor | Series 50 |
Inline models included two, three, and four cylinders, and the V-types six and eight cylinders.
History
editThe Series 53 was introduced in 1957; in 1961, the 4-53 and 6V-53 were introduced as options for the 1962 model year Chevrolet-branded medium and heavy duty trucks.[1]: 64
Production of Series 53 engines ended in the 1990s along with other two-stroke Detroit Diesel designs, as tightening emissions regulations could not be met with their design.[2]
Design
edit
Bore and stroke are the same across all units, at 3+7⁄8 in × 4+1⁄2 in (98 mm × 114 mm). These engines use a single camshaft per cylinder bank, paired with a balancing shaft for inline engines, or a second camshaft for the other cylinder bank in vee-block engines. The flywheel drives either one camshaft or the balancing shaft via an idler gear, depending on the specific engine configuration.
Because the Series 53 engines are equipped with a blower which provides relatively little additional intake air pressure, in common with most Detroit Diesel two-cycle engines, they are designated as "naturally aspirated" according to SAE. However, turbocharged variants of the Series 53 exist.
Combustion cycle
edit
In common with similar, contemporaneous two-stroke diesel engines, including the Detroit Diesel Series 71 and EMD 567, the Series 53 does not use crankcase aspiration and cannot naturally draw in combustion air; the Series 53 engines are fitted with a gear-driven Roots blower mounted to the exterior of the engine, which is inherently necessary to charge the cylinders with air for combustion. The air intake ports are through passages bored into the sides of the cylinder sleeves, rather than in the cylinder head.[3]: 4
Intake air is discharged from the blower into an air chamber in the cylinder block; when the intake ports are uncovered by the downward stroke of the piston, the air from the air chamber enters the combustion chamber. These intake ports are angled to impart a swirling motion to the intake air. As the piston continues to travel upward, the air intake ports are covered by the side of the piston and the air trapped in the cylinder is compressed and heated.[3]: 4, 17
Unit fuel injection is employed, one injector per cylinder; each unit injector is responsible for metering the fuel, pressurizing it, and atomizing it when it is injected into the cylinder. No high fuel pressure exists outside of the injector body.[3]: 13 The atomized fuel combusts when is injected into the heated, compressed air in the cylinder, creating the power stroke and pushing the piston downward.[3]: 4 The injectors are cycled from the same camshaft responsible for opening the exhaust valves.
Shortly after the combustion (power) stroke, the camshaft opens pushrod-operated poppet valves in the cylinder head(s) to allow engine exhaust to escape, through either two or four valves per cylinder.[3]: 4 As the piston continues downward, it uncovers the air intake ports again, which helps to displace exhaust gases. This is an example of uniflow scavenging; since the intake air enters at slightly greater than atmospheric pressure, the blower also assists in scavenging spent combustion gasses at the end of the power stroke. When scavenging is complete, the exhaust valves are closed and air continues to be taken in to the cylinder until the intake ports are covered again by the upward motion of the piston.[3]: 4, 17
Basic arrangement
editMost Series 53 engines were "symmetrical," meaning that the blower, exhaust, water manifold, starter, and other components could be mounted on either side of the basic block to fit a particular application. In addition, the engines were designed to run with the crankshaft turning either clockwise or counter-clockwise, called "Left Hand" or "Right Hand" rotation engines, respectively, as viewed from the flywheel side of the engine.
Viewed from the flywheel side of the engine, inline engines could be classified into one of eight basic arrangements, depending on the direction of rotation and location of the blower and exhaust manifold. Similarly, vee-block engines could be classified into one of four basic arrangements, depending on the direction of rotation and the location of the starter and oil cooler.
Inline Rotation
|
Exh.[a] | Blower[b] | Idler[c] | Exh.[a] | Blower[b] | Idler[c] | Exh.[a] | Blower[b] | Idler[c] | Exh.[a] | Blower[b] | Idler[c] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Left (CW) |
R | L (C) | B | L | L (B) | C | L | R (C) | C | R | R (B) | B |
| LA (1xxx) | LB (2xxx) | LC (3xxx) | LD (4xxx) | |||||||||
| Right (CCW) |
R | L (C) | C | L | L (B) | B | L | R (C) | B | R | R (B) | C |
| RA (5xxx) | RB (6xxx) | RC (7xxx) | RD (8xxx) | |||||||||
Vee Rotation
|
Starter | Oil Cooler | Idler[d] | Starter | Oil Cooler | Idler[d] | ||||||
| Left (CW) |
R | L | L | L | R | L | ||||||
| LA (1xxx) | LC (3xxx) | |||||||||||
| Right (CCW) |
R | L | R | L | R | R | ||||||
| RA (5xxx) | RC (7xxx) | |||||||||||
- Notes
- ^ a b c d Position of the exhaust manifold either on the (L)eft or (R)ight side, viewed from the flywheel side of the engine.
- ^ a b c d Position of the blower either on the (L)eft or (R)ight side, viewed from the flywheel side of the engine. The blower is driven either by the balance shaft (B) or camshaft (C); the governor is driven by the opposite shaft, so for example, when the blower is driven by the balance shaft, the governor is driven by the camshaft.
- ^ a b c d The idler is driven directly by the flywheel, and in turn, for inline engines, drives either the balance shaft (B) or camshaft (C). The balance shaft and camshaft are meshed together so that turning one will turn the other.
- ^ a b The idler is driven directly by the flywheel, and in turn, for vee engines, drives either the (L)eft or (R)ight bank camshaft. The two camshafts are meshed together so that turning one will turn the other.
Nomenclature
editThe first number refers to the number of cylinders in the engine, followed by a hyphen or "V", indicating inline or vee cylinder block arrangements, respectively, then 53 for the Series designation, referring the nominal swept displacement per cylinder in cubic inches, rounding from 53.07 cu in (0.9 L) per cylinder.
The basic engine code does not have a model suffix identifier: for example, 4-53 is an inline four engine. When the model number includes a suffix, it denotes additional features.
The engine model code is stamped on the cylinder block, consisting of an eight-digit code which provides additional information on the number of cylinders and basic arrangement:[3]: 9
| 5 | 04 | 5 | — | 1 | 1 | 01 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Engine Series | Number of cylinders | Application designation | Basic engine arrangement | Design variation | Specific model number | |
| 5: Series 53 |
|
|
|
|
For inline engines, a value ending in an odd digit means the starter is opposite the blower; an even digit means the starter and blower are on the same side. |
Applications
editThe 6V53 is most famously used with the M113 armored personnel carrier, starting with the M113A1 variant. The turbocharged version, 6V53T, is used in the M113A3 variant and MIM-72 Chaparral, which uses the M113 chassis.
Variants
editCylinders are numbered sequentially starting from the front of the engine.[4]: 9 The most commonly encountered Series 53 engines include the 3-53, 4-53, and 6V-53.
Inline
edit2-53
editThe firing order of the 2-53 (right-hand rotation) is 1-2.[4]: 9
3-53
editNaturally aspirated 3-53 variants (model 5033-7000) had peak output ratings of 101 hp (75 kW) at 2800 RPM (gross) and 205 lb⋅ft (278 N⋅m) at 1800 RPM, with an 21:1 compression ratio, using N50 injectors.[5] The firing order of the 3-53 is 1-2-3 (left hand) and 1-3-2 (right hand).[4]: 9
Turbocharged 3-53T variants (model 5033-8300) had peak output ratings of 131 hp (98 kW) at 2500 RPM (gross) and 312 lb⋅ft (423 N⋅m) at 1600 RPM, with an 18.7:1 compression ratio, using N65 injectors.[6]
4-53
editNaturally aspirated 4-53 variants (model 5043-7000) had peak output ratings of 140 hp (100 kW) at 2800 RPM (gross) and 282 lb⋅ft (382 N⋅m) at 1800 RPM, with an 21:1 compression ratio, using N50 injectors.[5] With S45 injectors and the four-valve cylinder head (model 5043-7000), peak output ratings dropped slightly to 130 hp (97 kW) at 2800 RPM (gross) and 270 lb⋅ft (370 N⋅m) at 1800 RPM. The base model (with a two-valve cylinder head and reduced compression to 17:1, model 5043-5101 and -7101) had peak output ratings of 108 hp (81 kW) at 2200 RPM (gross) and 263 lb⋅ft (357 N⋅m) at 1500 RPM[7] The firing order of the 4-53 is 1-2-4-3 (left hand) and 1-3-4-2 (right hand).[4]: 9
Turbocharged 4-53T variants (model 5047-5340) had peak output ratings of 170 hp (130 kW) at 2500 RPM (gross) and 402 lb⋅ft (545 N⋅m) at 1800 RPM, with an 18.7:1 compression ratio, using 5A60 injectors.[8] Off-highway 4-53T variants (model 5043-8301) had peak output ratings of 175 hp (130 kW) at 2500 RPM (gross) and 420 lb⋅ft (570 N⋅m) at 1800 RPM, with an 18.7:1 compression ratio, using N65 injectors.[6]
Vee
editEngines with cylinder blocks arranged in a vee share the corresponding inline engine cylinder heads; for instance, a 6V-53 uses two 3-53 cylinder heads.[4]: 6
6V-53
editNaturally aspirated 6V-53 variants (model 5063-7000) had peak output ratings of 216 hp (161 kW) at 2800 RPM (gross) and 445 lb⋅ft (603 N⋅m) at 1500 RPM, with an 21:1 compression ratio, using N50 injectors.[5] The firing order of the 6V-53 is 1L-1R-2L-2R-3L-3R (left hand) and 1L-3R-3L-2R-2L-1R (right hand).[4]: 9 The 6V-53 was available with either a cast iron or aluminum cylinder block.[4]: §1.1, 1
Turbocharged off-highway 6V-53T variants (model 5063-5300) had peak output ratings of 233 hp (174 kW) at 2500 RPM (gross) and 568 lb⋅ft (770 N⋅m) at 1800 RPM, with an 18.7:1 compression ratio, using 5A55 injectors.[6]
8V-53
editThe firing order of the 8V-53 is 1L-3R-3L-4R-4L-2R-2L-1R (right hand).[4]: 9
12V-53
editThe 12V-53 is a low-production / prototype engine consisting of two coupled 6V-53 engines; fewer than 20 were estimated to have been built, mostly for marine service in generator sets. One of the 6V-53 engines was a left-hand rotation and the other was right-hand rotation; they were coupled at their flywheels.[9]
References
edit- ^ "1962 Chevrolet Truck Engineering Features" (PDF). Chevrolet Engineering Center. September 1961. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ "Detroit Diesel to phase down two-stroke engines" (Press release). DieselNet. 22 July 1998. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Technical Manual: Operator's, organizational, direct support and general support maintenance manual (including repair parts information and supplemental maintenance and repair parts instructions) for paving machine bituminous materiel crawler mounted DED, model BSF-400 (NSN 3895-01-063-7891) with Detroit Diesel Engine (Series 53), Iowa Manufacturing Company. Headquarters, Department of the Army. January 1981. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Series 53 Service Manual | Detroit Diesel Engines. Vol. 1. Detroit Diesel Allison. September 1973. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
- ^ a b c "Detroit Diesel Engines: fan-to-flywheel models, 3-53, 4-53, 6V-53" (PDF). Detroit Diesel Corporation. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ a b c "Detroit Diesel Engines: fan-to-flywheel models, 3-53T, 4-53T, 6V-53T" (PDF). Detroit Diesel Corporation. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ "Detroit Diesel Engines: fan-to-flywheel models, 4-53" (PDF). Detroit Diesel Corporation. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ "Detroit Diesel Engines: truck models, 4-53T" (PDF). Detroit Diesel Corporation. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ Will, Buck (January 23, 2009). "12V53 Detroit Diesel". 4BT Swaps (forum). Retrieved 18 June 2024.