Delftia acidovorans is a Gram-negative, motile, non-sporulating, rod-shaped bacterium[1] known for its ability to biomineralize gold[2] and bioremediation characteristics.[3] It was first isolated from soil in Delft, Netherlands.[1] The bacterium was originally categorized as Pseudomonas acidovorans and Comamonas acidovorans before being reclassified as Delftia acidovorans.[4]
| Delftia acidovorans | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Pseudomonadota |
| Class: | Betaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Burkholderiales |
| Family: | Comamonadaceae |
| Genus: | Delftia |
| Species: | D. acidovorans
|
| Binomial name | |
| Delftia acidovorans (den Dooren de Jong 1926)
Wen et al. 1999 | |
| Type strain | |
| ATCC 15668T | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Comamonas acidovorans (den Dooren de Jong 1926) Tamaoka et al. 1987 | |
History
editDelftia acidovorans was originally known as Comamonas acidovorans.[1] It was renamed due to rRNA relatedness[5] and differences from other microbes within the Comamonadaceae family.[1] These differences are evidenced by phylogenetic and phenotypic data.[1] The new name, Delftia acidovorans, is a reference to the city of Delft, where it was first discovered and recorded.[1]
Biology and biochemistry
editType and morphology
editDelftia acidovorans is a saprophyte,[6] Gram-negative, non-sporulating, non-denitrifying, non-fermentative rod shaped bacterium.[1] It exists as a single cell or in pairs that are 0.4-0.8 μm wide and 2.5-4.1 μm long.[1] It is motile through polar, or bipolar, tufts of flagella.[1] Tufts can have one to five flagella.[1]
Strains and phylogeny
editDelftia acidovorans exists as part of the Betaproteobacteria lineage within the Comamonadaceae family. D. acidovorans strains SPH1, ATCC 1 15668, and Cs 1-4 are closely related. While strains CCUG 247B and CCUG 15835 belong to Delftia acidovorans, they are more similar to Delftia tsuruhatensis. CCUG 247B and CCUG 15835 are often grouped with D. tsuruhatensis rather than D. acidovorans.[7]
Metabolism
editDelftia acidovorans is mesophilic and its optimal growing temperature is 30 °C.[7] It will not survive in psychrophilic conditions.[1] D. acidovorans is a non-halophile that prefers environments with minimal to no salt concentrations for growth.[1] D. acidovorans strains Cs1-4 and SPH-1 are aerobic bacteria.[7]
Delftia acidovorans strains Cs1-4 and SPH-1 can use phenanthrene, pyruvate, vanillate, succinate, formic acid, gluconic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, lactic acid, and propionic acid as carbon sources.[7] D. acidovorans does not produce urease, is catalase and oxidase positive, and oxidizes fructose and mannitol.[5]
Biomineralization
editDelftia acidovorans is one of the few bacteria, along with Cupriavidus metallidurans, that can metabolize gold.[8][2] Au3+ is reduced extracellularly by the non-ribosomal secondary metabolite delftibactin. Delftibactin is a unique metabolite, as it can protect the bacteria from gold toxicity as well as reduce gold ions to solid form.[2] Delftibactin can remove gold from sludges containing seawater and calcium carbonate, and is also capable of retrieving gold from electronic waste.[9][10] Biohydrometallurgy techniques using D. acidovorans improve recycling profitability and are sustainable alternatives to cyanide leaching.[11] Lead can also be recovered from discarded electronics with D. acidovorans.[3] Attempts to induce delftibactin expression in Escherichia coli were unsuccessful due to the toxicity of the DelH protein.[10]
Bioremediation and biomanufacturing
editDelftia acidovorans is capable of converting toxic metals including selenium and chromium ions into harmless products.[3] It can also degrade phenanthrene, which is a carbon source from polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons. Phenanthrene is a common environmental pollutant.[7]
D. acidovorans can be used to manufacture polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), a favorable alternative towards traditional plastic equipment used in medical settings. Traditional plastic manufacturing is resource-consuming and polluting, while PHA production through D. acidovorans is a more sustainable solution.[12]
Role in disease
editD. acidovorans is an emergent opportunistic pathogen that demonstrates antibiotic resistance.[6][13] The infection can cause bacteremia,[14] keratitis,[15][16] pneumonia,[17] empyema,[18] otitis,[19] and peritonitis.[20] Known sources of infection include contaminated water[19] and catheters.[13][14] D. acidovorans should be considered a causative organism in patients when water or soil contamination is suspected.[5] D. acidovorans has been isolated from clinical settings as well, such as RO systems,[21] surgical vacuums,[22] and operating bay sinks.[23] Some strains can tolerate chlorhexidine,[24] a common surgical disinfectant.
Infections of D. acidovorans can be confirmed through an orange indole test.[18] Antibiotic resistance to aminoglycosides is common. [6][13][18][17][20]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Wen, Aimin; Fegan, Mark; Hayward, Chris; Chakraborty, Sukumar; Sly, Lindsay (1999). "Phylogenetic relationships among members of the Comamonadaceae, and description of Delftia acidovorans (den Dooren de Jong 1926 and Tarnoaka et al. 1987) gen. nov., comb. nov". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 49 (2): 567–576. doi:10.1099/00207713-49-2-567. PMID 10319477.
- ^ a b c Johnston, Chad W.; Wyatt, Morgan A.; Li, Xiang; Ibrahim, Ashraf; Shuster, Jeremiah; Southam, Gordon; Magarvey, Nathan A. (2013). "Gold biomineralization by a metallophore from a gold-associated microbe". Nature Chemical Biology. 9 (4): 241–243. doi:10.1038/nchembio.1179. ISSN 1552-4469. PMID 23377039.
- ^ a b c Ubalde, Martha C.; Braña, Victoria; Sueiro, Fabiana; Morel, María A.; Martínez-Rosales, Cecilia; Marquez, Carolina; Castro-Sowinski, Susana (2012). "The Versatility of Delftia sp. Isolates as Tools for Bioremediation and Biofertilization Technologies". Current Microbiology. 64 (6): 597–603. doi:10.1007/s00284-012-0108-5. ISSN 0343-8651. PMID 22476956. S2CID 1464049.
- ^ Rema, Tara; Lawrence, John R.; Dynes, James J.; Hitchcock, Adam P.; Korber, Darren R. (2014-10-01). "Microscopic and Spectroscopic Analyses of Chlorhexidine Tolerance in Delftia acidovorans Biofilms". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 58 (10): 5673–5686. doi:10.1128/AAC.02984-14. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 4187954. PMID 25022584.
- ^ a b c Mahmood, S.; Taylor, K. E.; Overman, T. L.; McCormick, M. I. (2012-11-01). "Acute Infective Endocarditis Caused by Delftia acidovorans, a Rare Pathogen Complicating Intravenous Drug Use". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 50 (11): 3799–3800. doi:10.1128/JCM.00553-12. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 3486206. PMID 22933597.
- ^ a b c Kawamura, Ichiro; Yagi, Tetsuya; Hatakeyama, Kazuhito; Hasegawa, Yoshinori; Ohkura, Teruko; Ohkusu, Kiyofumi; Takahashi, Yoshiyuki; Kojima, Seiji (2011). "Recurrent vascular catheter-related bacteremia caused by Delftia acidovorans with different antimicrobial susceptibility profiles". Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 17 (1): 111–113. doi:10.1007/s10156-010-0089-x. PMID 20628778. S2CID 41936424.
- ^ a b c d e Shetty, Ameesha R.; de Gannes, Vidya; Obi, Chioma C.; Lucas, Susan; Lapidus, Alla; Cheng, Jan-Fang; Goodwin, Lynne A.; Pitluck, Samuel; Peters, Linda; Mikhailova, Natalia; Teshima, Hazuki (2015). "Complete genome sequence of the phenanthrene-degrading soil bacterium Delftia acidovorans Cs1-4". Standards in Genomic Sciences. 10: 55. doi:10.1186/s40793-015-0041-x. ISSN 1944-3277. PMC 4572682. PMID 26380642.
- ^ Rea, Maria Angelica; Zammit, Carla M.; Reith, Frank (2016-06-01). "Bacterial biofilms on gold grains—implications for geomicrobial transformations of gold". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 92 (6): fiw082. doi:10.1093/femsec/fiw082. ISSN 0168-6496. PMID 27098381.
- ^ Yusoff, A H M; Nading, M E; Salimi, M N (2017). "Extraction of gold (Au) particles from sea water by Delftia Acidovorans microbes". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 908 (1): 012045. Bibcode:2017JPhCS.908a2045Y. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/908/1/012045. ISSN 1742-6588.
- ^ a b "Gold Recycling. Using Delfibactin to Recycle Gold from Electronic Waste". iGEM.
- ^ Kaksonen, Anna H.; Boxall, Naomi J.; Gumulya, Yosephine; Khaleque, Himel N.; Morris, Christina; Bohu, Tsing; Cheng, Ka Yu; Usher, Kayley M.; Lakaniemi, Aino-Maija (2018-09-01). "Recent progress in biohydrometallurgy and microbial characterisation". Hydrometallurgy. 180: 7–25. Bibcode:2018HydMe.180....7K. doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2018.06.018. ISSN 0304-386X. S2CID 103359824.
- ^ Romanelli, Maria Giovanna; Povolo, Silvana; Favaro, Lorenzo; Fontana, Federico; Basaglia, Marina; Casella, Sergio (2014). "Engineering Delftia acidovorans DSM39 to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates from slaughterhouse waste". International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 71: 21–27. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.049. PMID 24704165.
- ^ a b c Chotikanatis, Kobkul; Bäcker, Martin; Rosas-Garcia, Gabriela; Hammerschlag, Margaret R. (2011). "Recurrent Intravascular-Catheter-Related Bacteremia Caused by Delftia acidovorans in a Hemodialysis Patient". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 49 (9): 3418–3421. doi:10.1128/JCM.00625-11. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 3165601. PMID 21775546.
- ^ a b Lang, K. J.; Chinzowu, T.; Cann, K. J. (2012). "Delftia acidovorans as an Unusual Causative Organism in Line-Related Sepsis". Indian Journal of Microbiology. 52 (1): 102–103. doi:10.1007/s12088-011-0221-3. ISSN 0046-8991. PMC 3298582. PMID 23450157.
- ^ Lee, Sang Mok; Kim, Mee Kum; Lee, Jae Lim; Wee, Won Ryang; Lee, Jin Hak (2008). "Experience of Comamonas Acidovorans Keratitis with Delayed Onset and Treatment Response in Immunocompromised Cornea". Korean Journal of Ophthalmology. 22 (1): 49–52. doi:10.3341/kjo.2008.22.1.49. ISSN 1011-8942. PMC 2629953. PMID 18323706.
- ^ Langman, ME; Dighiero, PL; Gicquel, JJ (2007-10-02). "Comamonas: a not so comon agent in hydrogel contact lens wearers". Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. 85: 0. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.01062_3296.x.
- ^ a b Yildiz, Hanifi; Sünnetçioğlu, Aysel; Ekin, Selami; Baran, İrfan; Özgökçe, Mesut; Aşker, Selvi; Üney, İbrahim; Akyüz, Sümeyye (2020-02-10). Turgut, Engin (ed.). "Delftia Acidovorans pneumonia with lung cavities formation". Colombia Medica. 50 (3): 215–221. doi:10.25100/cm.v50i3.4025. PMC 7141147. PMID 32284666.
- ^ a b c Khan, Sadia; Sistla, Sujatha; Dhodapkar, Rahul; Parija, Subhash Chandra (2012). "Fatal Delftia acidovorans infection in an immunocompetent patient with empyema". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2 (11): 923–924. doi:10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60254-8. PMC 3609244. PMID 23569872.
- ^ a b Reina, Jordi; Llompart, Isabel; Alomar, Pedro (March 1991). "Acute suppurative otitis caused by Comamonas acidovorans". Clinical Microbiology Newsletter. 13 (5): 38–39. doi:10.1016/0196-4399(91)90006-H.
- ^ a b Artan, Ayse Serra; Gursu, Meltem; Elcioglu, Omer Celal; Kazancioglu, Rumeyza (2020). "Delftia Acidovorans Peritonitis in a Patient Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis". Turkish Journal of Nephrology. 29 (4): 326–328. doi:10.5152/turkjnephrol.2020.4204.
- ^ Yassin, Mohamed H.; Abramovitz, Blaise; Hariri, Rahman; McKibben, Leeanna; Pinevich, A.J. (2020). "Delftia acidovorans pseudo outbreak in portable reverse osmosis machines: Interventions to ensure safe and cost-effective hemodialysis". American Journal of Infection Control. 48 (3): 304–308. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2019.11.027. ISSN 0196-6553. PMID 31952870. S2CID 210708340.
- ^ Miño de Kaspar, Herminia; Grasbon, Thomas; Kampik, Anselm (2000). "Automated surgical equipment requires routine disinfection of vacuum control manifold to prevent postoperative endophthalmitis". Ophthalmology. 107 (4): 685–690. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(99)00178-5. ISSN 0161-6420. PMID 10768329.
- ^ Ta, C.; Wong, G.; Cole, W.; Medvedev, G. (2020-09-01). "Scrub sink contamination and transmission to operating room personnel". New Microbes and New Infections. 37: 100754. doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100754. ISSN 2052-2975. PMC 7502367. PMID 32995014.
- ^ Rema, Tara; Lawrence, John R.; Dynes, James J.; Hitchcock, Adam P.; Korber, Darren R. (2014). "Microscopic and Spectroscopic Analyses of Chlorhexidine Tolerance in Delftia acidovorans Biofilms". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 58 (10): 5673–5686. doi:10.1128/AAC.02984-14. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 4187954. PMID 25022584.