David Raziel (Hebrew: דוד רזיאל; 19 November 1910 – 20 May 1941) was a leader of the Zionist underground in British Mandatory Palestine and one of the founders of the Irgun.[1]
David Raziel | |
|---|---|
_-_David_Raziel.jpg) | |
| Native name | דוד רזיאל |
| Born | 19 November 1910 Smargon, Russian Empire |
| Died | 20 May 1941 (aged 30) Habbaniyah, Kingdom of Iraq |
| Buried | |
| Allegiance | |
| Battles / wars | World War II |
| Spouse(s) | Shoshana |
During World War II, Irgun entered a truce with the British so they could collaborate in the fight against "the Hebrew's greatest enemy in the world – German Nazism". Raziel was released from prison after agreeing to work with the British. He was killed in action in Iraq in 1941.[2]
Biography
editDavid Rozenson (later Raziel) was born in Smarhon in the Russian Empire. In 1914, when he was three, his family immigrated to Ottoman Palestine, where his father taught at Tachkemoni, a religious school in Tel Aviv. During World War I, the family was exiled to Egypt by the Turks due to their Russian citizenship. They returned to Mandatory Palestine in 1923.
After graduation from Tachkemoni, he studied for several years at Yeshivat Mercaz HaRav in Jerusalem. He was a regular study partner of Rabbi Zvi Yehuda Kook, son and ideological successor to the Rosh Yeshiva and Chief Rabbi of Israel, Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook.[3]
When the 1929 Hebron massacre broke out, he joined the Haganah in Jerusalem, where he was studying philosophy and mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
His sister, Esther Raziel-Naor, became a member of the Knesset for Herut, the party founded by Irgun leader Menachem Begin.
Military career
editWhen the Irgun was established, Raziel was one of its first members. In 1937, he was appointed by the Irgun as the first Commander of the Jerusalem District and, a year later, Commander in Chief of the Irgun. His term as leader was marked by violence against Arabs, including a sequence of marketplace bombings.[4] Some of those attacks were in response to Arab violence, although they did not target the specific perpetrators of this violence, as had been the case under the policy of Havlagah. Dozens of Arabs were killed in the attacks and hundreds more were maimed. Raziel worked in the Irgun with Avraham Stern, Hanoch Kalai, and Efraim Ilin.[5] On 6 July 1938, 21 Arabs were killed and 52 wounded by a bomb in a Haifa market; on 25 July a second market bomb in Haifa killed at least 39 Arabs and injured 70; a bomb in Jaffa's vegetable market on 26 August killed 24 Arabs and wounded 39. The attacks were condemned by the Jewish Agency.[6]
On 19 May 1939, Raziel was captured by the British and sent to Acre Prison.
After the 1941 Iraqi coup d'état, British called on assistance from the Irgun, after General Percival Wavell had Raziel, an Irgun commander, released from custody at Acre Prison. They asked him if he would undertake to kill or kidnap Amin al-Husseini, the Mufti, and destroy Iraq's oil refineries. Raziel agreed on condition that he be allowed to kidnap the Mufti.[7] On 17 May 1941, he was sent to Iraq with three of his comrades, including Ya'akov Meridor and Jacob Sika Aharoni,[8] on behalf of the British army to help defeat the Rashid Ali al-Gaylani pro-Axis revolt in the Anglo-Iraqi War. On 20 May, a Luftwaffe plane strafed near Habbaniyah the car in which he was traveling, killing Raziel and a British officer.[9][10] Meridor returned to Palestine and took over command of the Irgun, while Jacob Sika Aharoni commanded missions that led to the British entry into Iraq and the saving of the Jewish community following the Farhud pogrom.
In 1955, Raziel's remains were exhumed and transferred to Cyprus, and again in 1961 to Jerusalem's Mount Herzl military cemetery.
Commemoration
editRamat Raziel, a moshav in the Judaean Mountains, is named after Raziel, as well as many streets in Israel bearing his name in commemoration. The Israel postal service issued a stamp in his honor. There is a high-school in Herzliya named after him.[11]
References
edit
- ^ "David Raziel". The Etzel Website. Archived from the original on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
- ^ פלד, מיכל (2016-05-13). "David Raziel: A Pre-State Hero's Story of Final Rest". The Schechter Institutes. Retrieved 2023-10-07.
- ^ HaKohen, Yehuda (8 May 2018). "The tragic legacy of David Raziel, commander of the Etzel". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- ^ Yehuda Bauer (2001). From Diplomacy to Resistance: A History of Jewish Palestine, 1935–1945. Varda Books. p. 14.
During the period of command over Etzel by Moshe Rosenberg and David Raziel, a great many assaults (some of them en masse) were carried out against Arab bystanders and shoppers: men, women, and children (November 1937 – July 1939).
- ^ Heller, Joseph (2012-12-06). The Stern Gang: Ideology, Politics and Terror, 1940–1949. Routledge. ISBN 9781136298943.
- ^ * Morris, Benny (1999). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1999. John Murray Publishers. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-719-56222-8.
- ^ Elpeleg, Z (12 November 2012). Himelstein, Shmuel (ed.). The Grand Mufti: Haj Amin al-Hussaini, Founder of the Palestinian National Movement. Translated by David Harvey. Routledge. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-1-136-29273-6.
- ^ Nir Mann (April 22, 2010). "A life underground". Haaretz. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
- ^ Mattar, Philip (1984). "Al-Husayni and Iraq's quest for independence, 1939–1941". Arab Studies Quarterly: 267–281.
- ^ Reeva, Simon (2004). Iraq Between the Two World Wars: The Militarist Origins of Tyranny. Columbia University Press. p. 207, n.16. ISBN 9780231132152.
- ^ "David Raziel". The complete guide to Israeli postage stamps from 1948 onward. Boeliem. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2010-11-07.
Further reading
edit- Daniel Levine: The Birth of the Irgun Zvai Leumi. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House Ltd., 1991. ISBN 965-229-071-8.