Dōjunkai (shinjitai: 同潤会, kyūjitai: 同潤會) was a corporation set up a year after the 1923 Kantō earthquake to provide reinforced concrete (and thus earthquake- and fire-resistant) collective housing in the Tokyo area. Its formal name was Zaidan-hōjin Dōjunkai (財団法人同潤会), i.e. the Dōjunkai corporation. The suffix kai means organization, and dōjun was a term coined to suggest the spread of the nutritious benefit of the water of river and sea.[n 1] It was overseen by the Home Ministry.
The corporation was in existence from 1924 through 1941; it was involved in construction between 1926 and 1934, primarily 1926–30, building 16 complexes. The last complex, Uenoshita apartment, was finally demolished in 2013.
History
editFrom 1926 to 1930, Dōjunkai created fifteen apartment complexes (apāto or apātomento), two in Yokohama and the rest in Tokyo. Among the latter, the best known is Dōjunkai Aoyama Apartments (built 1926–27), which stood on the avenue of Omotesandō toward its Harajuku Station end. Toward the end of what was by Tokyo standards a long life, the ivy-covered building was increasingly used for ateliers and small independent shops. It was demolished for the 2005 construction by Mori Building of Omotesando Hills, a conventional shopping mall. Dōjunkai built one last complex in Tokyo, Dōjunkai Edogawa apāto, between 1932 and 1934.
Dōjunkai was wound up in 1941.
Remarkably, all the apartment complexes survived wartime bombing.
After the war, the government sold the land of most of the complexes to real estate companies, notably Mori Building. Thereafter, the combination of desire for greater profits, lack of advance publicity, and lack of government interest in this genre of architecture, in addition to inadequate maintenance and the lack of amenities (notably individual bathing facilities) now taken for granted, have led to the destruction of most of the complexes in the name of "site development".
Currently the only original building can be seen at a conversion project at Dojunkan building, Omotesando Hills. Some shops and galleries are in the building with its facade of a genuine three-stories apartment.[n 2]
List of Dōjunkai Apartments
edit| Apartments | Japanese name | Completed | Location (present-day "wards") |
Demolished (and replaced[1] by) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nakanogō Apartments | 中之郷アパートメント | 1926 | Sumida, Tokyo | 1990 (Setoru Nakanogō) |
| Aoyama Apartments | 青山アパートメント | 1926–7 | Shibuya, Tokyo | 2003 (Omotesando Hills) |
| Yanagishima Apartments | 柳島アパートメント | 1926–7 | Sumida, Tokyo | 1995 (Primēru Yanagishima) |
| Daikan-yama Apartments | 代官山アパートメント | 1927 | Shibuya, Tokyo | 1996 (Daikan-yama Address) |
| Sumitoshi Apartments (Sarueura-chō Kyōdō Jūtaku) |
住利アパートメント (猿江裏町共同住宅) |
1927–30 | Kōtō, Tokyo | 1994 (Twin Tower Sumitoshi) |
| Kiyosumidōri Apartments (Higashidaiku-chō Apartments) |
清砂通アパートメント (東大工町アパートメント) |
1927–9 | Kōtō, Tokyo | 2002 |
| Yamashita-chō Apartments | 山下町アパートメント | 1927 | Naka, Yokohama | 1989 (Reiton House) |
| Hiranuma-chō Apartments | 平沼町アパートメント | 1927 | Nishi, Yokohama | 1984 (Monteberte Yokohama) |
| Minowa Apartments | 三ノ輪アパートメント | 1928 | Arakawa, Tokyo | 2009 |
| Mita Apartments | 三田アパートメント | 1928 | Minato, Tokyo | 1988 (Shanpōru Mita) |
| Uguisudani Apartments | 鶯谷アパートメント | 1929 | Arakawa, Tokyo | 1999 (Rīdensu Tower) |
| Uenoshita Apartments | 上野下アパートメント | 1929 | Taitō, Tokyo | 2013 |
| Toranomon Apartments | 虎ノ門アパートメント | 1929 | Chiyoda, Tokyo | 2000 (Daidō Seimei Kasumigaseki Biru) |
| Ōtsuka Joshi Apartments | 大塚女子アパートメント | 1930 | Bunkyō, Tokyo | 2003 |
| Sumitoshi Apartments (Higashi-chō Apartments) |
住利アパートメント (東町アパートメント) |
1930 | Kōtō, Tokyo | 1994 (Twin Tower Sumitoshi) |
| Edogawa Apartments | 江戸川アパートメント | 1934 | Shinjuku, Tokyo | 2003 |
Further reading
edit- Design of Doujunkai. (Japanese title 甦る都市の生活と記憶 同潤会アパートメント写真集). Tokyo: Kenchiku Shiryō Kenkyūsha, 2000. ISBN 978-4-87460-643-8 A book of new photographs of the buildings, with (minimal) text in both Japanese and English.
- (in Japanese) "Dōjunkai apāto" in Japanese-language Wikipedia
- (in Japanese) Hashimoto Fumitaka, et al. Kieyuku Dōjunkai apātomento (消えゆく同潤会アパートメント, The disappearing Dōjunkai apartments). Tokyo: Kawade Shobō Shinsha, 2003. ISBN 4-309-72734-4. Informative book about all the buildings but concentrating on Edogawa Apartments (where Hashimoto lived), with plenty of plans, historic photographs, and new photographs taken by Youki Kanehira.
- Kanehira Youki. Photographs of Dōjunkai Aoyama apāto.
- Pompili, M. Dojunkai Apartments: Tokyo 1924-1934. Rome: Editrice Librerie Dedalo, 2001. ISBN 88-86599-53-6. The Dōjunkai Apartments in the context of the development of housing in Japan during the early 20th century.
- (in Japanese) Dōjunkai Aoyama apāto chronology.
- (in Japanese) Miscellany about Dōjunkai Aoyama apāto.
- (in Japanese) Ueda Makoto. Shūgō jūtaku monogatari (集合住宅物語, The story of collective housing). Tokyo: Misuzu, 2004. ISBN 4-622-07086-3. This historical survey of collective housing in Japan (whose content was previously published within Tokyojin) has sections devoted to the Aoyama, Kiyosumidōri, Uguisudani and Ōtsuka Joshi Apartments, with new photographs by Hiroh Kikai and some archival photographs.
- Wijers-Hasegawa, Yumi. "Dwellers bought off; ball to fall on Aoyama flats". Japan Times, 19 April 2002.
- Corkill, Edan (June 17, 2012). "Resident of last Dojunkai laments passing of '20s icons". The Japan Times Online. Retrieved 2012-06-18.
Notes
edit- ^ For a full explanation of the term dōjun, see Seizō Uchida, "Apātomento hausu o wagakuni ni mochikonda Dōjunkai", p. 17, within Hashimoto et al., Kieyuku Dōjunkai Apātomento.
- ^ "Omotesando Hills page". Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-13.
References
edit- ^ Replacements from Hashimoto et al., Kieyuku Dōjunkai Apātomento, p. 152. This gives the names in Japanese script only. Where the names are obviously in English or pseudo-English, English names have been provided; otherwise, they have been rendered in Hepburn romanization.