Cyrene (/saɪˈriːni/, sy-REE-nee), also spelled Kyrene (/kaɪˈriːni/, ky-REE-nee; Ancient Greek: Κυρήνη, romanized: Kurḗnē) is a figure in Greek mythology considered the etymon of the Greek colony of Cyrene in eastern Libya in North Africa. She was said to have been a Thessalian princess who became the queen of Cyrene, founded and named in her honor by the god Apollo.[1] The story is entirely apocryphal, the city having been founded by settlers from Thera.
| Cyrene | |
|---|---|
 Cyrene depicted on a mosaic of the 2nd century CE | |
| Genealogy | |
| Parents | Chlidanope and Hypseus |
| Consort | Apollo |
| Offspring | Aristaeus, Autuchus and Idmon |
Family
editAs recorded in Pindar's ninth Pythian ode, Cyrene was the daughter of Hypseus, king of the Lapiths,[2] and the naiad Chlidanope.[3][4] According to Apollonius Rhodius, she also had a sister called Larissa.[5] Cyrene's other sisters were Themisto,[6] Alcaea[4] and Astyagyia.[7]
By the god Apollo, she bore Aristaeus and Idmon. Aristaeus became the god of animal husbandry, bee-keeping and cheese making. Idmon became a famed seer. Apollonius Rhodius states that the couple also had another son called Autuchus.[8]
Mythology
editApollo
editCyrene was a Thessalian princess, the daughter of Hypseus. She was a fierce huntress, called by Nonnus, a "deer-chasing second Artemis, the girl lionkiller" and "a champion in the leafy forest with lionslaying hands".[9] In Thesmophoriazusae (written by Aristophanes) Mnesilochus comments that he "can't see a man there at all - only Cyrene" when setting eyes upon the poet Agathon who has dressed in women's clothing and accessorised himself with male and female attributes.[10] She was a companion of goddess Artemis, who had given her two hunting dogs. With the help of these dogs, Cyrene had been able to win the prize in the funeral games of Pelias.[11] Pindar describes her in his Pythian Ode:
And by Hypseus was reared this maid, Cyrene of the lovely arms. But she loved not the pacing tread this way and that beside the loom, nor the delights of merry feasts with her companions in the household. But the bronze-tipped javelin and the sword called her to combat and slay the wild animals of the field; and in truth many a day she gave of peaceful quiet to her father's livestock.[12]
When a lion attacked her father's sheep, Cyrene wrestled with the lion and Cyrene killed that lion. Apollo, who was present, admired her bravery and skills. He fell in love with her, but wondered if it would be correct to make her his bride. But after consulting and getting an approval by Chiron, he carried her away to North Africa in his golden car.[13] After Apollo made her the queen of the fertile and rich land, Aphrodite welcomed them both.[12]
And Aphrodite of the silver feet welcomed this guest from Delos, laying the touch of her light hand upon his god-built car, and over the sweet bliss of their bridal she spread love's shy and winsome modesty, plighting in joint wedlock the god and maiden daughter of wide-ruling Hypseus...That very day saw the decision, and in a chamber of rich gold in Libya they lay together. There she is guardian of a city rich in beauty.[12]
In North Africa, Apollo founded the city Cyrene in the region of Cyrenaica, both named after his lover. She had two sons by Apollo: Aristaeus, the god of beekeeping, and Idmon, the Argonaut seer.[14] Another son, Autuchus is also mentioned by Apollonuis of Rhodes. Aristaeus was entrusted to Chiron, and Idmon was brought up and educated by Apollo. After she gave birth to their sons, Apollo transformed her into a nymph, so that she could have a long life and keep hunting as much as she desired.[15] He also helped her often by lifting her hunting nets.[16]
In Callimachus and Acesander's account, when Eurypylus was still ruling Libya, a monstrous lion had terrorized the citizens greatly. So Apollo brought Cyrene to get rid of the lion. After she killed the lion on the Myrtoussa (the Hill of Myrtles), Apollo stood on the same hill and showed to her the land of Libya, which she had now become the queen of.[17][18][19]
Other version says that Cyrene had already wrestled with a lion and killed that same lion and she was tending her sheep along the marsh-meadow of the river Pineios when Apollo carried her away.
The bees of Aristaeus
editEurydice, the wife of Orpheus, died when she was bitten by a snake that she had trod upon while being pursued by Aristaeus. As a consequence of her death, all of his bees died. Desolate, he went to his mother and bemoaned his situation. Cyrene consoled her son and instructed him to seek the advice of wise Proteus. Aristaeus follows his mother's instructions and Proteus tells him how to appease Eurydice's soul and recover his bees.[20]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Diodorus Siculus, 4.81.1
- ^ Hyginus, Fabulae 161; Virgil, Georgics 4.320
- ^ Graves, Robert (2017). The Greek Myths - The Complete and Definitive Edition. Penguin Books Limited. p. 276. ISBN 9780241983386.
- ^ a b Scholia ad Pindar, Pythian Ode 9.31
- ^ Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica
- ^ Apollodorus, 1.9.2
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, 4.69.3
- ^ Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica
- ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 13.300 ff
- ^ Gwendolyn Compton-Engle, Costume in the Comedies of Aristophanes
- ^ Callimachus, Hymn to Artemis 208
- ^ a b c Pindar, Pythian Ode 9.6 ff.
- ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 13.300 ff.
- ^ "Cyrene". Greek Myth Index. 2007. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
- ^ "Cyrene". Greek Mythology Link. Retrieved December 19, 2017.
- ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 16.86
- ^ Acesander, On Cyrene FGrH 469, F 1, 3-4
- ^ Callimachus, Hymn to Apollo 85
- ^ Susan A. Stephens, Callimachus: The Hymns
- ^ Virgil, Georgics 4. 317; Ovid, Fasti 1.363
Bibliography
edit- Callimachus, Callimachus and Lycophron with an English translation by A. W. Mair ; Aratus, with an English translation by G. R. Mair, London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam 1921. Internet Archive
- Callimachus, Works. A.W. Mair. London: William Heinemann; New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1921. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History translated by Charles Henry Oldfather. Twelve volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59–8. Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site
- Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888-1890. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
- Nonnus of Panopolis, Dionysiaca translated by William Henry Denham Rouse (1863-1950), from the Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1940. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
- Nonnus of Panopolis, Dionysiaca. 3 Vols. W.H.D. Rouse. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1940-1942. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Pindar, Odes translated by Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Pindar, The Odes of Pindar including the Principal Fragments with an Introduction and an English Translation by Sir John Sandys, Litt.D., FBA. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1937. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Publius Ovidius Naso, Fasti translated by James G. Frazer. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
- Publius Ovidius Naso, Fasti. Sir James George Frazer. London; Cambridge, MA. William Heinemann Ltd.; Harvard University Press. 1933. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Publius Vergilius Maro, Bucolics, Aeneid, and Georgics of Vergil. J. B. Greenough. Boston. Ginn & Co. 1900. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
External links
edit
Media related to Cyrene (mythology) at Wikimedia Commons
