Corylus maxima, the filbert, is a species of hazel in the birch family Betulaceae, native to southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia.
| Filbert | |
|---|---|
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| Filbert fruit, showing the elongated tubular involucre | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Betulaceae |
| Genus: | Corylus |
| Species: | C. maxima
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| Binomial name | |
| Corylus maxima | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Description
editIt is a deciduous shrub 6–10 m (20–33 ft) tall, with stems up to 20 cm (8 in) thick. The leaves are rounded, 5–12 cm (2–4+3⁄4 in) long by 4–10 cm (1+1⁄2–4 in) broad, with a coarsely double-serrated margin. The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins produced in late winter; the male (pollen) catkins are pale yellow, 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long, while the female catkins are bright red and only 1–3 mm (1⁄16–1⁄8 in) long. The fruit is a nut produced in clusters of 1–5 together; each nut is 1.5–2.5 cm (1⁄2–1 in) long, fully enclosed in a 3–5 cm (1+1⁄4–2 in) long, tubular involucre (husk).[3][4]
Similar species
editThe filbert is similar to the related common hazel, C. avellana, differing in having the nut more fully enclosed by the tubular involucre. This feature is shared by the beaked hazel C. cornuta of North America, and the Asian beaked hazel C. sieboldiana of eastern Asia.
Distribution and habitat
editThe species is native to southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia, from the Balkans to Ordu in Turkey.[3]
Uses
edit
The filbert nut is edible, and is very similar to the hazelnut (cobnut). Its main use in the United States is as large filler (along with peanuts as small filler) in most containers of mixed nuts. Filberts are sometimes grown in orchards for the nuts, but much less often than the common hazel.[3][4]
The purple-leaved cultivar C. maxima 'Purpurea' is a popular ornamental shrub in gardens.[5]
Name
editIn Oregon, "filbert" is used for commercial hazelnuts in general. Use in this manner has faded partly due to the efforts of Oregon's hazelnut growers to brand their product to better appeal to global markets and avoid confusion.[6][7]
The etymology for 'filbert' may trace to Norman French. Saint Philibert's feast day is 20 August (old style) and the plant was possibly renamed after him because the nuts were mature on this day.[8][full citation needed]
References
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- ^ Rivers, M.C.; Beech, E. (2018). "Corylus maxima". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T194619A122039374. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T194619A122039374.en. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ "Corylus maxima Mill". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
- ^ a b c Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
- ^ a b Flora of NW Europe: Corylus maxima Archived 2009-05-08 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Corylus maxima 'Purpurea'". Retrieved 19 July 2013.
- ^ Oregon Hazelnut Marketing Board
- ^ Agriculture Quarterly – Oregon Department of Agriculture
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary.