The Convoy of 35 (or the Lamed He, which stands for "thirty five" in Hebrew numerals), was a convoy of Haganah and Palmach fighters sent during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on a mission to reach by foot and resupply the blockaded kibbutzim of Gush Etzion in January 1948, after earlier motorized convoys had been attacked. They were spotted before they could reach their destination and killed in a prolonged battle by Arab irregulars and local villagers.
History
edit
On 16 January 1948, a convoy of 38 men was sent by the Haganah to deliver supplies to the four blockaded kibbutzim of Gush Etzion, south of Jerusalem, following an Arab attack on January 14.[1] The unit, named in Hebrew "Machleket HaHar" (lit. Mountain Platoon), set out on foot from Hartuv at 11 p.m. on January 15, commanded by Dani Mass. They took a detour around the Tegart fort-type Palestine Police station, to avoid detection by the British.[2] Three were sent back because one man sprained an ankle, and two accompanied him. The remaining 35 were killed by Arab villagers and militiamen between the villages of Jaba' and Surif.[3]
The fate of the 35 was reconstructed from British and Arab reports. The six hours of night that remained did not suffice for the trip. About an hour before the convoy reached their destination, it became light. Their presence was discovered by two Arab women who encountered two scouts of the group near Surif.[4] (An earlier version, that the soldiers were discovered by an Arab shepherd whom they graciously let go, was based on a eulogy written by Ben-Gurion and is apparently apocryphal.[4]) A large number of armed villagers from Surif and other communities gathered to block the way. The battle was fought in two stages, four hours apart, with hundreds of Arabs from a nearby training base taking part.[5] The Haganah force battled until it ran out of ammunition. The last of the 35 was apparently killed at about 4:30 p.m. Among the dead were Tuvia Kushnir, one of the country's most promising botanists,[6] Moshe Perlstein, an American-born World War II veteran who had made aliyah in 1947, and three members of the Hebrew Communist Party.[7][8]
A phone conversation about the battle was intercepted by the Irgun, in which it was heard that many were killed and some were wounded.[5] After no word of the 35 had been received for a long time and wounded Arabs started arriving at Hebron, the British dispatched a platoon of the Royal Sussex Regiment to investigate. After threatening and exhorting the village mukhtars and notables, the British were led to the site of the battle where they found the bodies of the 35. According to some reports the bodies had been mutilated beyond recognition.[2]
According to one account the last three Jews to die blew themselves up with a grenade. This account also reports that several Arab sources claimed a young woman was amongst those killed, and that to restore public confidence in the Jewish fighting forces the Palmach launched an attack on the village of Sa'sa' on 14 February in which 60 villagers were killed.[9] A contemporary report puts the number of casualties in Sa'sa at 11 killed and 3 wounded,[10] but official sources confirm the figure of 60 killed with 20 houses destroyed.[11]
Burial
editAfter the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, when the bodies of the 35 were returned to Israel, only 23 of the 35 bodies could be identified. To solve the problem, Rabbi Aryeh Levin performed the rare goral ha-gra (ha-gra = Vilna Gaon) ceremony, a process in which the reader of the Torah is led to certain verses which give hints as to the subjects in question.[12] They were buried in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.
Names of the dead
editCommemoration
editIn August 1949, a group of former Palmach soldiers founded a kibbutz, Netiv HaLamed He (Hebrew: נתיב הל"ה, path of the 35) near the convoy's route. They built a memorial commemorating the fallen Haganah soldiers there (see picture). Prior to the 1967 Six-Day War, it was assumed that the precise location of the final battle was on the Jordanian side of the armistice line. However, in 1967 the British police officer who had found the bodies in 1948 and Arab witnesses independently identified a hilltop on the Israeli side of the line.[15]
The story of the 35 was immortalised in a poem, Here Our Bodies Lie by Haim Gouri.
Yael Zerubavel analysed remembrance of the event using the number 35 as a prominent example of the Israeli practice of "numerical commemoration".[16]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Gershom Gorenberg (2007) The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977 Macmillan, ISBN 0-8050-8241-7 p 20
- ^ a b Arieh O'Sullivan, A Magnificent Disaster, Jerusalem Post, Jan 16, 1998
- ^ Dov Knoh (1958) Siege in the hills of Hebron: the battle of the Etzion Bloc p 102
- ^ a b Nadav Shragai, The legend of ambushed Palmach squad '35', Haaretz.com English edition, http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1081380.html, April 27, 2009, last accessed May 2, 2009
- ^ a b Newspaper interview with Yohanan Ben-Yaakov: "The 35's Second Battle" (הקרב השני של הל"ה), Makor Rishon, 14 January 2005. .
- ^ "Rare Flower Rediscovered in Israel's North, for First Time in 60 Years". Haaretz. 5 April 2012.
- ^ The Scotsman, Monday 19 January 1948: "The dead include three members of the Hebrew Communist Party. Also an American. Moshe Periman, a former GI of Brooklyn, New York. He is the first American killed in the Palestinian civil war."
- ^ Reis, Nadav. "Moshe Avigdor Perlstein - World Machal". www.machal.org.il.
- ^ Kurzman, Don (1970) Genesis 1948. The First Arab-Israeli War. An Nal Book, New York. Library of Congress number 77-96925. pp.52,53
- ^ The New York Times, Feb 16, 1948, page 1.
- ^ Benny Morris (2008). 1948. Yale University Press. p. 106.
- ^ Raz, Simcha (1976). A Tzaddik in Our Time: The life of Rabbi Aryeh Levin. Spring Valley, NY: Philipp Feldheim. pp. 139,162–165. ISBN 0-87306-986-2
- ^ "Izkor". www.izkor.gov.il.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah "יזכור". אתר ההנצחה לחללי מערכות ישראל.
- ^ U. Milstein, History of Israel's War of Independence, Vol III. English edition: University Press of America 1998, p29.
- ^ Yael Zerubavel (2014). ""Numerical Commemoration" and the Challenges of Collective Remembrance in Israel". History & Memory. 26: 5–38. doi:10.2979/histmemo.26.1.5. S2CID 144588148.
