The Constitutional Declaration is the current supreme law of Libya, introduced due to the overthrow of the Gaddafi government in the Libyan Civil War. It was finalised on 3 August 2011 by the National Transitional Council, and is intended to remain in effect until a permanent constitution is written and ratified in a referendum. The document was publicly announced at a press conference of 10 August by Abdul Hafiz Ghoga, Vice President and official spokesman of the NTC.[1]
The document consists of 37 articles in five sections. Articles 1–6 state general provisions regarding Libya as a state. Articles 7–15 specify civil rights and public freedoms. Articles 17–29 specify the operation of the interim government. Articles 30–32 guarantee an independent judiciary. Articles 33–37 are "conclusive provisions".
The Constituent Assembly of Libya was elected in 2014.[2] It prepared the 2017 draft Libyan constitution which it approved by a two-thirds majority in July 2017.[3]
Declaration of statehood and basic rights
editArticle 1 of the Constitutional Declaration describes the Libyan state as follows:[4]
- it is a democracy, wherein the people act as the source of political authorities
- Tripoli is the State capital
- Islam is the State religion
- The Islamic Sharia is its principal source of legislation
- the State grants the right of freedom of religion for non-Muslim minorities
- Arabic is the official language
- The State protects the linguistic and cultural rights of all components of Libyan society
Article 3 defines the flag of Libya. Article 4 declares the aim of establishing a democratic State based on a multi-party system. Article 6 describes the principle of rule of law taking precedence over tribal or personal loyalties, and the principle of non-discrimination and equal rights of all citizens regardless of religion, ethnicity or social status, and the guarantee of the state upholding women's rights, granting full participation of women in politics, economy and the social sphere. [dubious – discuss]
Provisions for the transitional phase
editArticle 30 of the document lays out a process for the drafting of a permanent constitution, with time limits for each section meaning that one should be in place by around December 2013 at the latest. The process has however been subject to several delays such as the postponement of the General National Congress election by a month, and the target for appointing a Constituent Assembly was missed due to political wrangling over the post of Prime Minister.[5][6]
Article 29, repeated as article 33, contains the provision that no member of the National Transitional Council may nominate a candidate or themselves assume the position of President of the state, of a member of the legislative council, or of a ministerial portfolio.
Amendments
editAs of October 2023, there are 13 amendments to the Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration.[7]
The tenth amendment divided the country into three voting districts (Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan) for the upcoming referendum on the 2017 draft constitution by the Constituent Assembly. It was adopted by the House of Representatives on 26 November 2018.[8]
The twelfth amendment created a 24-member committee divided equally among Libya's three historic regions to draft a new constitution, replacing the 2017 draft constitution. It was approved by the House of Representatives on 10 February 2022 after 126 out of "more than" 147 members present voted for the amendment.[7] However, the High Council of State rejected the amendment by a vote of 51 out of 60 on 24 February.[9]
In March 2023, both the House of Representatives and the High Council of State passed the thirteenth amendment containing thirty-four articles defining a new system of government and the tasks of the elected president and prime minister.[10][11]
Further constitutional steps
editThe Constituent Assembly of Libya of 20 members from each of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan was elected in February 2014.[12][13] The election was organised by the High National Election Commission (HNEC).[2] In July 2017, the assembly finalised the 2017 draft Libyan constitution.[3]
References
edit- ^ NTC Announces Constitutional Declaration Archived 10 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "HNEC announces results for Constitutional Committee elections". Libya Herald. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
- ^ a b "Libya's final draft constitution: A contextual analysis". ConstitutionNet. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
- ^ "turkishweekly.net". Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
- ^ Khan, Umar. "Election delayed three weeks: official". Libya Herald. Archived from the original on 9 January 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
- ^ Grant, George. "National Congress begins debate on selection of Constitution drafters amidst renewed rumblings in the East". Libya Herald. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
- ^ a b Zaptia, Sami (10 February 2022). "HoR approves 12th Constitutional Amendment to create a committee of experts to re-draft the current vexed draft constitution". Libya Herald. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ Zaptia, Sami (26 November 2018). "HoR passes referendum constitutional amendment and approves PC restructuring". Libya Herald. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
- ^ Assad, Abdulkader (24 February 2022). "Libyan HCS rejects by majority vote Bashagha's appointment, 12th constitutional amendment". Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ Emig, Addison (16 August 2023). "Libya's Elusive Elections: Will 2023 Be the Year for Elections?". Wilson Center. Archived from the original on 16 August 2023.
- ^ "High State Council passes 13th amendment – paving way for Libyan elections?". Libya Herald. 2 March 2023. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
- ^ "Election re-runs next Wednesday says Elabbar". Libya Herald. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2024.
- ^ "Constitutional assembly candidates being registered – deadlne extended till end of November". Libya Herald. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2024.