This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. (December 2012) |  |
Cluttering is a speech and communication disorder characterized by a rapid rate of speech, erratic rhythm, and poor syntax or grammar, making speech difficult to understand.
| Cluttering | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Tachyphemia, tachyphrasia |
| Specialty | Pediatrics, Psychiatry |
Classification
editCluttering is a speech and communication disorder that has also been described as a fluency disorder.[1]
It is defined as:
Cluttering is a fluency disorder characterized by a rate that is perceived to be abnormally rapid, irregular, or both for the speaker (although measured syllable rates may not exceed normal limits). These rate abnormalities further are manifest in one or more of the following symptoms: (a) an excessive number of disfluencies, the majority of which are not typical of people with stuttering; (b) the frequent placement of pauses and use of prosodic patterns that do not conform to syntactic and semantic constraints; and (c) inappropriate (usually excessive) degrees of coarticulation among sounds, especially in multisyllabic words.[2]
Signs and symptoms
editCluttering is sometimes confused with stuttering. Both communication disorders break the normal flow of speech, but they are distinct. A stutterer has a coherent pattern of thoughts, but may have a difficult time vocally expressing those thoughts; in contrast, a clutterer has no problem putting thoughts into words, but those thoughts become disorganized during speaking. Cluttering affects not only speech, but also thought patterns, writing, typing, and conversation.[3]
Stutterers are usually dysfluent on initial sounds, when beginning to speak, and become more fluent towards the ends of utterances. In contrast, clutterers are most clear at the start of utterances, but their speaking rate increases and intelligibility decreases towards the end of utterances.
Stuttering is characterized by struggle behavior, such as overtense speech production muscles. Cluttering, in contrast, is effortless. Cluttering is also characterized by slurred speech, especially dropped or distorted /r/ and /l/ sounds; and monotone speech that starts loud and trails off into a murmur.
A clutterer described the feeling associated with a clutter as:
It feels like 1) about twenty thoughts explode on my mind all at once, and I need to express them all, 2) that when I'm trying to make a point, that I just remembered something that I was supposed to say, so the person can understand, and I need to interrupt myself to say something that I should have said before, and 3) that I need to constantly revise the sentences that I'm working on, to get it out right.[4]
Differential diagnosis
editCluttering can often be confused with various language disorders, learning disabilities, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).[5] Clutterers often have reading and writing disabilities, especially sprawling, disorderly handwriting, which poorly integrate ideas and space.[6] It can occur with Parkinson's disease.[7]
Treatment
editThe common goals of treatment for cluttering include slowing the rate of speech, heightening monitoring, using clear articulation, using acceptable and organized language, interacting with listeners, speaking naturally, and reducing excessive disfluencies.[8]
Slowing the rate of speech can help many of the symptoms of cluttering, and can be achieved in a couple of different ways. It is important that speech language pathologists do not nag their clients to "slow down" incessantly, as this does not help and can actually hinder progress. Additionally, it is important to remember that speech rate often increases when emotional arousal or stress increases. Instead of constant verbal reminders, clinicians may use a combination of delayed auditory feedback (DAF), giving out "speeding tickets" (written reminders to slow down speech), or recording speech and having clients transcribe it, writing in where there is need for spaces and pauses.[8]
Many people who clutter are either unable or unwilling to think about their speech, particularly in casual speech. The strategies to slow speech down all require careful monitoring of speech, which can be very difficult for those who clutter. Imagination and careful observation are used to increase monitoring. For instance, an adult who clutters may be asked to visualize themselves speaking slowly and clearly before they actually speak. Additionally, video and audio recordings may be used to show those who clutter where communication starts to break down in their speech.[8]
In general, slowing the rate of speech and/or monitoring speech more effectively should lead to clearer articulation. However, if they do not, additional treatment is needed. These articulation treatment strategies include practicing short sentences with "over-articulated", unnatural but technically correct, speech. Reading multisyllabic words and focusing on including each of the sounds is another strategy to enhance articulation.[8]
Some individuals who clutter will need help learning to tell stories logically and sequentially. This can be aided by learning how to begin narratives with simple, short sentences, and slowly building to longer, more complex ones. Additionally, clinicians may transcribe cluttered speech to clients to show them run-ons and ramblings, and then ask them to just state the necessary, most important information in the utterance.[8]
Additional strategies that may help people who clutter include checking in, ensuring that they've understood any non-verbal or turn-taking cues in the conversation, imitating clinician models of speech to improve natural speech, and treating any stuttering that may be co-occurring with cluttering. The two are separate disorders, but many people who clutter also stutter.[8]
History
editBattaros[citation needed] was a legendary Libyan king who spoke quickly and in a disorderly fashion. Others who spoke as he did were said to have battarismus.[9] This is the earliest record of the speech disorder of cluttering.
In the 1960s, cluttering was called tachyphemia, a word derived from the Greek for 'fast speech'. This word is no longer used to describe cluttering because fast speech is not a required element of cluttering.
Deso Weiss described cluttering as the outward manifestation of a "central language imbalance".[10]
The First World Conference on Cluttering was held in May 2007 in Razlog, Bulgaria.[11] It had over 60 participants from North America, Europe, the Middle East and Asia.[12]
Society and culture
editWeiss claimed that Battaros, Demosthenes, Pericles, Justinian, Otto von Bismarck, and Winston Churchill were clutterers. He says about these people, "Each of these contributors to world history viewed his world holistically, and was not deflected by exaggerated attention to small details. Perhaps then, they excelled because of, rather than in spite of, their [cluttering]."[13]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Daly, David A.; Burnett, Michelle L. (1999). Curlee, Richard F. (ed.). Stuttering and Related Disorders of Fluency. New York: Thieme. p. 222. ISBN 0-86577-764-0.
- ^ St. Louis, K. O., Myers, F. L., Bakker, K., & Raphael, L. J. (2007). Understanding and treating cluttering. In E. G. Conture & R. F. Curlee (Eds.) Stuttering and related disorders of fluency, 3rd ed. (pp. 297-325). NY: Thieme.
- ^ When speech is too cluttered – British Stammering Association Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Reyes-Alami, C. (2004-03-01). "Interview with a Person who Clutters". Archived from the original on 2005-10-24. Retrieved 2006-01-01.
- ^ Daly, David A.; Burnett, Michelle L. (1999). Curlee, Richard F. (ed.). Stuttering and Related Disorders of Fluency. New York: Thieme. p. 233. ISBN 0-86577-764-0.
- ^ Fluency Disorders: Stuttering vs Cluttering Archived 2012-07-29 at archive.today
- ^ The neurological underpinnings of cluttering: Some initial findings
- ^ a b c d e f Louis, Kenneth O. St; Raphael, Lawrence J.; Myers, Florence L.; Bakker, Klaas (2003). "Cluttering Updated". The ASHA Leader. 8 (21): 4–22. doi:10.1044/leader.ftr1.08212003.4.
- ^ Weiss, Deso A. (1964). Cluttering. Foundations of Speech Pathology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. p. 1. ASIN B001PNB2L2. LCCN 64-25326.
- ^ Weiss, Deso A. (1964). Cluttering. Foundations of Speech Pathology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. p. 20. ASIN B001PNB2L2. LCCN 64-25326.
- ^ "First World Conference on Cluttering". Archived from the original on 2007-05-14. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
- ^ WVU researcher hopes to have the last word on 'cluttering' speech disorder Archived 2015-02-15 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Weiss, Deso A. (1964). Cluttering. Foundations of Speech Pathology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. p. 58. ASIN B001PNB2L2. LCCN 64-25326.
Sources
edit- Studies in Tachyphemia, An Investigation of Cluttering and General Language Disability. Speech Rehabilitation Institute. New York, 1963.
- Myers, F. and K. St. Louis, (1992) Cluttering: A Clinical Perspective, Leicester, England: Far Communications