The cinema of Iquitos, also known as Amazonian cinema, is an important film development and one of the historic pioneering event of cinema of Peru.[1] Due to the rubber boom and the arrival of foreigners, film interest began in the early 20th century, along with the evolution of cinema of the United States in Hollywood. Cinema in Iquitos had no established date of origin. The first film, however, was made in 1900. The first films were shown in the Casa de Fierro with an Edison machine, which reproduced the images using a carbide lamp and the constant movement of the operator. Iquitos is mentioned as a metonym of cinema in the Peruvian Amazon.
The most important pioneer of cinema in Iquitos and the Loreto Region is Antonio Wong Rengifo, also a pioneer of film art in Peru, with his most important work being Bajo el sol de Loreto.[2] Alongside this, other filmmakers such as Werner Herzog, Armando Robles Godoy, Nora Izcue, Federico García, and Dorian Fernandez Moris prolonged the cinematic presence in the city.[3]
History
editOrigins
edit
Until around the 1880, Iquitos did not have a film set. Interest in film production grew alongside the film industry booming elsewhere in the world. There is not enough accurate visual record the exact birth of cinema in Iquitos.[3][4][5] In 1890, following the rhythm of the European organization of the city, scientific technology began arriving.
The first film made in 1900 was recorded[clarification needed]. A movie was projected for the first time in the Iron House with an Edison machine, which reproduced the images using a carbide lamp and the constant movement of an operator. Before the fact, in 1898, Clement Alcala and Francisco de Paula Secada obtained land on the north side of the Plaza de Armas, and built a rustic-roof building, naming it Alhambra. They installed a tiny carousel brought from Manaus, Brazil. In 1902, with the rubber boom and its international impact, Edward Fuller purchased Alhambra. It hence became the first movie theater in town with Lumière brand projectors.
In the continuous city growth following the success of the rubber extraction, and its connection with Europe, the bourgeoisie grew in the city. Arnaldo Reategui traveled to France in 1905, and bought a projector with a large collection of movies—in black-and-white and technicolor—from cinema house Pathé Freres and Léon Gaumont. He was affiliated with Luis Pinasco and built a cinema called Jardín Strassburgo, located on the first block of Sargento Lores street.[3] The first stage of Iquitos film concluded in 1914, with a prominent presence of French filmmakers. Georges Méliès and Gaumont sent several films on celluloid for the aristocratic film billboard of Iquitos. The film making attracted audiences, and blockbusters were reaching £4,500.[3]
Rubber crisis and the prominence of Antonio Wong
editAlthough the crisis hit Iquitos and had its effect on the industry, the arrival of new films did not stop. Films with a theatrical demeanor were gradually replaced by those more directed towards fiction. The filmmaking attracted new aspirations and acting talents, and the star system was present in the market.[3] The distribution of Charlie Chaplin silent films were introduced by the Spanish businessman Jose Altimira.
The most important pioneer of cinema in Iquitos and the Loreto Region in general was Antonio Wong Rengifo, also a pioneer of film art in Peru. It is mainly known for shaping their ideologies, aspirations and other thoughts in his films.[clarification needed] Wong Rengifo, in the course of his film making, followed the changing technology in the United States. In 1936, he premiered his film Bajo el sol de Loreto, a film which examines the main economic engine, and the valuation of the Peruvian Amazon (called "Selvak" in the film). He is thought to give an active representation of the amazonian culture in his films.[3] Wong worked as a cameraman, developed his own films and edited them, and wrote his scripts inspired by Iquitos culture.
Developments to date
editIn October 1957, Wong started the production of a film, with Mexican actress Amalia Aguilar, to be shown at the First International Fair of Iquitos. Due to a fire, however, his film study was consumed by fire and never made it to cinemas.[4] The same year, a group of filmmakers came from Hollywood, accompanied by Harma Lewis and Keith Larsen, to shoot 29 short films for the anthology Adventure in the Amazon, directed by Tom McGowan (a little-known, recherché filmmaker in database),[6] and produced by Warner Bros.[4] The series was eventually canceled due to transportation spending.
By the 1960s, film was representing the beauty and calm of the jungle, and Iquitos was home to most regional and international filmmakers. In the 1970s, the cinema of Iquitos was influenced by Decree Law Number 19327, entitled "Law for the Promotion of Film Industry." The decree facilitated the production of new films, and the presentation of the Amazon image.[3]
The film went on to a more complex film language with themes about the richness of the jungle, the imperialist power, mining and resource processing, and use of the natives as a portrait of tourism. During these years, there were notable films such as No Stars in the Jungle (1966) and The Green Wall (1969) by Armando Robles Godoy; Aguirre, the Wrath of God (1972) and Fitzcarraldo (1982) by Werner Herzog; The Ayahuasca Wind (1983) by Nora Izcue and The Partner of God (1986) by Federico Garcia.[4] In 1990, Iquitos was gradually used as a stage for national and international soap operas; it was the backdrop for Anaconda (1997) by Luis Llosa; Captain Pantoja and the Special Services (2000) by Francisco Lombardi; The Motorcycle Diaries by Walter Salles and Daughters of Belén (2004) by Javier Corcuera.
In 2002, publicist Dorian Fernandez-Moris founded Audiovisual Films—founded as Audiovisual—and began with a team of twenty people.[7] He began with short films like El otro lado, Runamula and 501, and subsequently made a series of workshops to increase interest in Iquitos cinephile.[7] In 2006, he released Chullachaqui (based on an Amazon known legend), Immortal, and the film El último piso (18 February 2010). The latter was filmed at the tallest building in the city.[8] In 2012, Audiovisual Films produced General Cemetery in Iquitos, and is scheduled for release in October 2012.[9]
List of films
edit| Year | Title | Studio | Cast and crew | Genre | Medium | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1932 | Frente del Putumayo (In Front of Putumayo) |
Foto Wong | Antonio Wong Rengifo (director) | Documentary | Live action | ||
| 1933 | Sepelio del Sargento Fernando Lores (Burial of Sergeant Fernando Lores) |
Foto Wong | Antonio Wong Rengifo | Documentary | Live action | ||
| 1936 | Bajo el sol de Loreto (Under the Sun of Loreto) |
Foto Wong | Antonio Wong Rengifo (director, camarógrafo, productor, montajista y difusor) | Romance | Live action | ||
| 1941 | ₪ | Luces y sombras de Loreto (Lights and shadows) |
Foto Wong | Antonio Wong Rengifo | Documentary | Live action | |
| 1943 | ₪ | Inauguración del Municipio (Inauguration of the Municipality) |
Foto Wong | Antonio Wong Rengifo | Documentary | Live action | |
| 1945 | T | Amazonía peruana (Peruvian Amazon) |
Foto Wong | Antonio Wong Rengifo | Documentary | Live action | |
| 1950 | T | Conozca Loreto (Know Loreto Region) |
Foto Wong | Antonio Wong Rengifo | Documentary | Live action | |
| 1966 | T | En la selva no hay estrellas (No Stars in the Jungle) |
Antara Film del Peru / Argentina Sono Film S.A.C.I. | Armando Robles Godoy (director/scriptwriter); Jorge Aragón, Willie Griffiths, César David Miró, Jorge Montoro, Luis Otero, Susana Pardahl | Adventure | Live action | |
| 1969 | T | La muralla verde (The Green Wall) |
Armando Robles Godoy | Drama | Live action | ||
| 1970 | T | Machiguengas y piros | Gerhard Baer | Documentary | Live action | ||
| 1972 | T | Aguirre, the Wrath of God | Werner Herzog Filmproduktion/Hessischer Rundfunk (HR) | Werner Herzog (director/scriptwriter); Thomas Mauch (cinematography); Klaus Kinski, Helena Rojo, Del Negro, Ruy Guerra, Peter Berling, Cecilia Rivera | Aventure, drama | Live action | |
| 1974 | F | Informe sobre los shipibos (Report on the Shipibo) |
Inca Films | Francisco Lombardi (director/scriptwriter) | Aventure, drama | Live action | |
| 1974 | F | Los hombres del Ucayali (The Men of the Ucayali) |
Inca Films | Francisco Lombardi (co-director/scriptwriter); Emilio Moscoso (co-director) | Drama | Live action | |
| 1976 | F | Aguarunas | CETUC | José Luis Rouillon A. (director); Nilo Pereira del Mar (cinematography); Guillermo Palacios P. (sound); Margarita León (narration) | Documentary | Live action | |
| 1977 | F | De los hombres y de los árboles (From the Men and the Trees) |
Telecine-Ricardo Fleiss | Ricardo Fleiss (director); Gerardo Manero (cinematography); Rosalba Oxandabarat (narration) | Documentary | Live action | |
| 1978 | F | Cuentos inmorales (Inmortal Stories) |
Inca Films | Francisco Lombardi (director); Emilio Moscoso (production) | Documentary | Live action | |
| 1979 | F | Una serpiente de oro (A Gold Snake) |
Reátegui | Tulio Riveras (director); Emanuel Dussart (fotografía); René Andrade (narración); Hitler Mego (montajista) | Documentary | Live action | |
| 1982 | T | Fitzcarraldo | Werner Herzog Filmproduktion / Wildlife Films Peru | Werner Herzog (director/scriptwriter); Thomas Mauch (cinematography); Klaus Kinski, Claudia Cardinale, José Lewgoy, Miguel Ángel Fuentes, Paul Hittscher, Huerequeque Enrique Bohórquez | Drama, adventure | Live action | |
| 1983 | ₪ | El viento del ayahuasca (The Ayahuasca Wind) |
Kinoks Filmaciones S.R.L. / Instituto Cubano del Arte y la Industria Cinematográfica. | Dora de Izcue (director); Jorge Vignaíi (co-cinematography); Gianfranco Annichini (co-cinematography); Justo Vega (film edition) | Thriller, drama | Live action | |
| 1985 | ₪ | Radio Belén | CRONOS | Gianfranco Annichini (director) | Documentary | Live action | |
| ₪ | El hombre solo (The Lonely Man) |
CRONOS | Gianfranco Annichini (director) | Documentary | Live action | ||
| 1986 | ₪ | El socio de Dios (The God Partner) |
Cinematográfica Kuntur S.A. | Federico García (director/co-scriptwriter); Roger Rumrill (co-scriptwriter); Juan Márquez (film editor) | Documentary | Live action | |
| 1999 | ₪ | Pantaleón y las visitadoras (Captain Pantoja and the Special Services) |
América Producciones / Inca Films / Tornasol Films | Francisco Lombardi (director); Bingen Mendizábal (music); Enrique Moncloa (co-scriptwriter); Giovanna Pollarolo (co-guionista); Mario Vargas Llosa (novel); Salvador del Solar, Angie Cepeda, Mónica Sánchez, Pilar Bardem, Gianfranco Brero, Gustavo Bueno | Comedy, drama | Live action | |
| 2003 | F | Buscando el azul (Looking for the Blue) |
Teleandes | Fernando Valdivia (director) | Drama | Live action | |
| 2006 | T | Chullachaqui | Audiovisual Films | Dorián Fernández-Moris (director); Nelson Mori (scriptwriter); Miguel Gonzáles, Ângela Vargas, Marco Vargas, Frescia Ortega, Cristian Calampa, Fernando Méndez, Gabriela Monsalve | Supernatural horror | Live action | |
| 2008 | ₪ | Amazónico soy (Amazonian I am) |
José María Salcedo (director); Abraham Padilla (music); Carlos García (film editor) | Documentary drama | Live action | ||
| ₪ | Los árboles tienen madre (Trees Have a Mother) |
Drama | Live action | ||||
| 2009 | ₪ | Mi hermano María Paula (My brother María Paula) |
Piero Solari (director) | Drama | Live action | ||
| 2010 | ₪ | El último piso (The Top Floor) |
Audiovisual Films | Dorian Fernández-Moris (director); Francisco Bardales (scriptwriter); Duller Vásquez, Glady Vásquez, Joel Huamán. | Drama | Live action | |
| 2012 | ₪ | Cementerio general (General Cemetery) |
Audiovisual Films | Dorian Fernández-Moris (director); Javier Velasquez (scriptwriter); Airam Galliani, Marisol Aguirre, Flavia Trujillo, Leslie Shaw, Nikko Ponce, Diva Rivera, Jürgen Gómez | Supernatural horror, found footage | Live action | |
References
edit- ^ Herrera Soria, Raul. "IQUITOS UNA DE LAS PRIMERAS CIUDADES QUE HIZO CINE EN EL PERÚ". Amazónico del Perú. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ Bardales, Francisco. "Antonio Wong: El hombre que abrazó el sol de Loreto". Cinencuentro. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae García, Joaquín. "RASGOS HISTÓRICOS DEL CINE EN IQUITOS Y EN LA REGIÓN AMAZÓNICA DEL PERU DESDE LOS ORIGENES HASTA 1990". CETA. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ a b c d Bardales, Francisco. "Cronológica historia del cine en Iquitos". Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ García Sánchez, Joaquín (2006). Les Langues Néo-Latines. Association des Enseignants de sLangues Vivantes Romanes: Société des Langues Néo-Latines. pp. 32–45.
- ^ "El poeta hippie que margaritas deshojaba". Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ a b Hidalgo Vega, David. "Un cine de mitos selváticos". El Comercio. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ "Avant premiere de El último piso". Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ ""Cementerio general": filman película en Iquitos, con Marisol Aguirre, Nikko Ponce y Leslie Shaw". Cinencuentro. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g ""Cementerio general": filman película en Iquitos, con Marisol Aguirre, Nikko Ponce y Leslie Shaw". Cinencuentro. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
- ^ "En la selva no hay estrellas". IMDb. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ "Aguirre, la cólera de dios". IMDb. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ "Fitzcarraldo". IMDb. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ ""Radio Belén" de Gianfranco Annichini". Hablando del Documental. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ "Pantaleón y las visitadoras". IMDb. Archived from the original on 13 January 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ "Buscando el Azul". Redes Indígenas. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ "Chullachaqui - Ficha técnica". Cinencuentro. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ ""Amazónico soy" de Chema Salcedo". Siente Mag. 10 November 2010. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
- ^ Bardales, Francisco (31 May 2008). ""LOS ARBOLES TIENEN MADRE" EN FERIA DEL LIBRO DE LIMA NORTE". Pako Bardales. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
- ^ a b c "Festival de Lima 2009: Tráiler de "Mi hermano María Paula"".
- ^ a b "El Último Piso, una película charapa". Globalizado. 16 March 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2012.