Chlorpropham or CIPC is a plant growth regulator and herbicide used as a sprout suppressant for grass weeds, alfalfa, lima and snap beans, blueberries, cane fruit, carrots, cranberries, ladino clover, garlic, seed grass, onions, spinach, sugar beets, tomatoes, safflower, soybeans, gladioli and woody nursery stock. It is also used to inhibit potato sprouting and for sucker control in tobacco. Chlorpropham is available in emulsifiable concentrate and liquid formulations.
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| Names | |
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| Preferred IUPAC name
Propan-2-yl (3-chlorophenyl)carbamate | |
| Other names
Chlorpropham, CIPC,
isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.002.660 |
| EC Number |
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| KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C10H12ClNO2 | |
| Molar mass | 213.66 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Beige to brown solid |
| Density | 1.18 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 41 to 42 °C (106 to 108 °F; 314 to 315 K) |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chlorpropham is approved for use in the United States as a plant regulator and herbicide only on potatoes.[1] The use of CIPC was banned in the EU and UK in 2019 after it was not reauthorised for use due to toxicity concerns, with sales prohibited from January 2020.[2]
Uses
editWhen it is used as an anti-sprouting agent for potatoes, the formulation is based on HN formulation, Hot Fogging.[3]
Commercial names include Bud Nip, Taterpex, Preventol, Elbanil, Metoxon, Nexoval, Stickman Pistols, Preweed, Furloe, Stopgerme-S, Sprout Nip, Mirvale, Bygran, ChlorIPC, Spud-Nic, Spud-Nie, Chloro-IFK, Chloro-IPC, Keim-stop, Triherbicide CIPC, OORJA. For herbicide, an EC formulation is used so that it is dissolvable in water for spray in the field.[4]
Toxicity
editChlorpropham displays a low level toxicity profile, with no signs of acute toxicity after exposure of less than 1000 mg/kg/day. Long term exposure at high doses (≥ 1000 mg/kg/day) could cause reduction of body weight gain, decrease in hematocrit and hemoglobin, and increase in blood reticulocytes.
Regarding the carcinogenic risk, chlorpropham is classified by the EPA as group E (non-carcinogenic).[5] One of its metabolites is 3-chloroaniline.
The acceptable daily intake ranges from 0.03 mg/kg (FAO 2001[6]) to 0.05 mg/Kg (EPA 1996[5] and EC 2003[7]).
Stability
editChlorpropham is partially degraded in the environment under aerobic conditions (15% to 30% after 100 days) and partially hydrolysed in water solution (90% after 59 to 130 days).[7]
A study of the stability of chlorpropham in potatoes (estimated concentration of chlorpropham: 1.8 to 7.6 mg/kg at 10 days post-application) revealed that mean concentration of chlorpropham in the tuber decreased spontaneously by 24% and 42% at 28 days and 65 days postapplication respectively.[8] The study also showed that peeling removed 91–98% and washing 33–47%. Residues of chlorpropham were detected in the boiled potatoes, in the boiling water, in the French-fried potatoes and in the frying oil. According to this study, the theoretical dose for a 20 kg infant eating 100g of crude-peeled tuber would be 0.00018 to 0.00342 mg/kg.
References
edit- ^ "§180.181 Chlorpropham". eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations. Archived from the original on 2017-06-10. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
- ^ Epp, Melanie (2021-04-12). "The Worry with CIPC". EuropeanSeed. Archived from the original on 2021-06-12. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
- ^ "Codes for Formulations" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-13. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
- ^ "Cleancrop Amigo 2". uk.uplonline.com. Archived from the original on 2019-06-23. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
- ^ a b Registration Eligibility Decision (Chlorpropham) (PDF). Environmental Pretection Agency. 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
- ^ "Clorpropham: Toxicological evaluation". Pesticide Residues in Food, 2000. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2001. pp. 41–4. ISBN 978-92-5-104547-3. Archived from the original on 2014-06-17. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
- ^ a b HEALTH & CONSUMER PROTECTION DIRECTORATE-GENERAL. chlorpropham (PDF). European commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
- ^ Lentza-Rizos, Chaido; Balokas, Alfaios (2001). "Residue Levels of Chlorpropham in Individual Tubers and Composite Samples of Postharvest-Treated Potatoes". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (2): 710–4. doi:10.1021/jf000018t. PMID 11262017.
External links
edit- US NIST Chemistry WebBook Entry
- Toxicology Info Cornell University
- Lentza-Rizos, Chaido; Balokas, Alfaios (2001). "Residue Levels of Chlorpropham in Individual Tubers and Composite Samples of Postharvest-Treated Potatoes". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49 (2): 710–4. doi:10.1021/jf000018t. PMID 11262017.
- "Clorpropham: Toxicological evaluation". Pesticide Residues in Food, 2000. Food and Agriculture Organization. 2001. pp. 41–4. ISBN 978-92-5-104547-3.
- "Chlorpropham: Human Health Effects". Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
- David, B.; Lhote, M.; Faure, V.; Boule, P. (1998). "Ultrasonic and photochemical degradation of chlorpropham and 3-chloroaniline in aqueous solution". Water Research. 32 (8): 2451. doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00477-6.
- Wolfe, N; Zepp, R; Paris, D (1978). "Carbaryl, propham and chlorpropham: A comparison of the rates of hydrolysis and photolysis with the rate of biolysis". Water Research. 12 (8): 565. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(78)90134-3.
- Wolf, D. C.; Martin, J. P. (1976). "decomposessition of Fungal Mycelia and Humic-type Polymers Containing Carbon-14 from Ring and Side-chain Labeled 2,4-D and Chlorpropham1". Soil Science Society of America Journal. 40 (5): 700. Bibcode:1976SSASJ..40..700W. doi:10.2136/sssaj1976.03615995004000050028x.