China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303 was a domestic flight from Xi'an to Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.[1] On June 6, 1994, the aircraft operating the flight, a Tupolev Tu-154M, broke up in-flight and crashed as a result of an autopilot malfunction which caused violent shaking and overstressed the airframe.[2] All 160 people on board were killed.[2][3][4] As of 2024, it remains the deadliest airplane crash ever in mainland China.[5]
 B-2610, the aircraft involved, in CAAC livery in 1988 | |
| Accident | |
|---|---|
| Date | June 6, 1994 |
| Summary | In-flight break up due to improper maintenance |
| Site | Near Xi'an, China 34°16′N 108°54′E / 34.267°N 108.900°E |
| Aircraft | |
| Aircraft type | Tupolev Tu-154M |
| Operator | China Northwest Airlines |
| IATA flight No. | WH2303 |
| ICAO flight No. | CNW2303 |
| Call sign | CHINA NORTHWEST 2303 |
| Registration | B-2610 |
| Flight origin | Xianyang Airport (XIY/ZLXY), China |
| Destination | Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (former) (CAN/ZGGG), China |
| Occupants | 160 |
| Passengers | 146 |
| Crew | 14 |
| Fatalities | 160 |
| Survivors | 0 |
Aircraft
editThe aircraft was a Tupolev Tu-154M (registration B-2610, factory 86A740, serial no. 0740). It was completed by the Kuibyshev Aviation Plant (KuAPO) on December 22, 1986, and was immediately transferred to the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC). On July 1, 1988, due to reorganization, CAAC transferred the aircraft to China Northwest Airlines. The aircraft was powered with three Soloviev D-30KU-154-II low-bypass turbofan engines from the Rybinsk Engine Plant. On the day of the accident, the aircraft had 12,507 flying hours and 6,651 takeoff and landing cycles.[6]
Passengers and crew
editCrew
editThe flight crew consisted of captain Li Gangqiang, instructor captain Xin Tiancai, first officer Yang Min, navigator Zhang Nanjing, and flight engineer Kang Youfa. There were also nine flight attendants on board.[3][7][citation needed]
Passengers
edit| Nationality | Passengers[citation needed] | Crew[citation needed] | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| China | 133 | 14 | 147 |
| Italy | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| Hong Kong | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| United States | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| United Kingdom | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Taiwan | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Switzerland | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 146 | 14 | 160 |
Accident
editThe aircraft took off from Xi'an Xianyang International Airport at 8:13 on June 6, 1994. At the time, it was raining, but this did not cause a delay in departure.
Twenty-four seconds after take-off, the crew reported that the aircraft was "floating" and making an abnormal sound, but were still able to maintain a speed of 400 km/h (220 kn; 250 mph).[8] Three minutes after take-off, the plane flew over Xi'an City and turned southeast.[9] The crew then reported an unstable pitch-up to 20° and 30° at 8:16:24 and 8:16:58, respectively.
At 8:17:06, while over Mingdu Township, Chang'an County, Shaanxi, the aircraft became unable to maintain its assigned altitude. The crew then temporarily engaged the autopilot, which unexpectedly caused the aircraft to turn right. At 8:22:27, with the aircraft travelling at 373 kilometres per hour (232 mph), the stall warning activated. The aircraft then banked dangerously to the left, and dropped from 4,717 metres (15,476 ft) to 2,884 metres (9,462 ft) in 12 seconds, at a speed of 747 km/h (403 kn; 464 mph).
At 8:22:42, the aircraft disintegrated in mid-air above the suburb of Tsuitou Village, Mingyu Township.[10] All 146 passengers and 14 crew died, most on impact.[11] Wreckage landed to the southeast of the airport, scattered over 18 miles (29 km) of farmland.
Investigation
editPoor maintenance was the probable cause of the accident. The previous evening, the autopilot yaw-channel had been erroneously connected to the bank control, and the bank-channel to the yaw controls, while undergoing maintenance at an unapproved facility. After takeoff, the faulty damper immediately caused the plane to experience violent roll oscillations, overstressing the airframe beyond its structural limits. This led to its break up in mid-air.[5][6][12]
Aftermath
editThis crash, as well as the crash of China Southwest Airlines Flight 4509 in 1999, resulted in China's decision to retire the Tupolev Tu-154. All Tu-154s in China were removed from service on October 30, 2002.[13] In 2003, China Northwest airlines merged into China Eastern Airlines. Flight 2303 is still in use by China Eastern Airlines for their Xian-Guangzhou flight.[14][15]
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ "Airline Crashes in China". The New York Times. Associated Press. June 6, 1994. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
- ^ a b "Accident database". Airdisaster.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-21. Retrieved 2021-03-16.
- ^ a b Tyler, Patrick E (June 7, 1994). "Jet Crash in China Kills 160; Another Flight Is Hijacked". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
- ^ News report from the Kingston Gleaner. NewspaperArchive.com
- ^ a b Accident description at the Aviation Safety Network
- ^ a b "✈ russianplanes.net ✈ наша авиация" [✈ russianplanes.net ✈ our aircraft]. russianplanes.net (in Russian). Retrieved 2017-01-18.
- ^ "All 160 on board plane killed in China's worst air crash". New Straits Times. June 7, 1994. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
- ^ "西北航空公司Ty—154M型B2610号飞机空难事故" [China Northwest Airlines Tu-154M B-2610 aircraft crash] (in Chinese). China Safety Production Training Network. Archived from the original on 2014-02-23. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
- ^ "6.6空难纪实" [6.6 Air crash documentary] (in Chinese). China Civil Aviation Maintenance Association. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
- ^ "首家报道"6·6"空难" [The first report "6·6" air crash] (in Chinese). Sanqin Metropolis Daily. 2008-12-28. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
- ^ Junhu, Deng (1996). "西安"六·六"空难的法医学鉴定" [Forensic Identification of the "June Six" Air Disaster in Xi'an]. Journal of Forensic Sciences (in Chinese) (1). Archived from the original on 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
- ^ "央视《新闻调查》--关注飞行安全" [CCTV "News Investigation"--Focus on Flight Safety] (in Chinese). News survey. 2002-05-24. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
- ^ "曾是前苏联骄傲 图-154昨从中国民航"退役"" [Once the pride of the former Soviet Union, Tu-154 was "retired" from Chinese civil aviation yesterday.]. www.southcn.com (in Chinese). 南方網 (Southern Network). 2002-11-01. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
- ^ "(MU) China Eastern Airlines 2303 Flight Status". FlightStats. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-18.
- ^ "China Eastern (MU) #2303 ✈ FlightAware". Retrieved 2014-02-20.