The terrorist group, self-proclaimed Islamic State (Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) also known as Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has committed several fundamental violations of children's rights in the Middle East, particularly in Iraq and Syria[1] The conventions protecting children's rights is the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). This is the most ratified international human rights treaty in history which established the widely supported view that children and young persons have the same basic general human rights as adults and also specific rights that recognize their special needs.[2] A further two additional protocols were adopted by the UN General Assembly on 25 May 2000 covering the involvement of children in armed conflict and on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography.[3] In ISIL's rise in the recent years, they have committed various violations of the (CRC) and its protocols, which have been signed and ratified by Iraq and Syria.
ISIL not a party to Conventions
editISIL has been accepted as a sufficiently organized non-State armed group to be considered as a party to the non-international armed conflicts in Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic[4] and the situations in both countries amount to armed conflicts of a non-international character.[5] International humanitarian law is applicable to armed conflicts of a non-international character thus applicable to both Iraq and the Syrian Republic. All parties to the conflict which include ISIL are thus bound by common article 3 of Geneva Conventions. This establishes the minimum standards relating to the treatment and protection of civilians, those no longer actively participating in the hostilities and civilian objects.[6] ISIL currently controls large areas of territory in which millions of individuals live and it has declared itself a “State” which runs both a civil and a military administration including the establishment of a “court” system. Having these in place, the threshold for ISIL to be bound by human rights obligations has clearly been met and so, at the very least, ISIL is bound under international law to respect core human rights obligations, such as the right to life, the absolute prohibition of torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, the prohibition of slavery and the prohibition of enforced disappearance, as well as the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.[7] Furthermore, Iraq and The Syrian Arab Republic are parties to major human rights treaties and various optional protocols. It has been established that in situations of armed conflict, international human rights law continues to apply and both international human rights law and international humanitarian law frameworks will act together in a mutually reinforcing way.[8]
Violations
editChildren's right to life
editThe right to life is a fundamental inherent right of all children, established in Article 6 of the CRC.[9] The constant attacks by ISIL in Iraq and Syria violate this fundamental right by causing the deaths of hundreds of children.[10] In Iraq, the United Nations reported[10] that killing and maiming continue to be the violations that most affect children. Since 2014, there has been a significant increase in violence which resulted in a conservative estimation of 1,256 children killed and 1,831 children injured as a result of the conflict-related violence from 1 January 2014 to the end of April 2015. In 2014 to 2015, the counter-ISIL operations had intensified resulting in significant increase in documented child casualties due to the clashes between parties to the conflict. Of these documented attacks, it has been alleged that more than half are results of attacks using tactics of extreme violence by ISIL. Also reported was the systematic killing of children belonging religious and ethnic minorities by ISIL, including numerous cases of mass execution of boys.[11] In Syria, the United Nations has limited capacity to verify information in the areas under the control of ISIL. There have been reports regarding the execution of children in Hasakah, Raqqah and Dayr Az-Zawr.[12] An estimated one-fifth of child casualties are caused by vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices and suicide attacks by ISIL. In April 2014, 69 children were killed and injured in a double improvised explosive device attack in a government-controlled neighbourhood of Homs.[13] The violent attacks by ISIL have been in violation of the international Human Rights and Humanitarian laws.
Recruitment and use of children in armed conflict
editThis act is prohibited under various international treaties and conventions such as Article 77.2 of the Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, Article 4.3.c of Protocol II, additional to the Geneva Conventions and International Labour Organisation's Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention. In summary, they condemn and prohibit the recruitment of children under the age of 18. In 2014 alone, it was verified by the United Nations at least 67 cases of boys being recruited by ISIL and these numbers are not likely to reflect the actual scope of child recruitment.[14] From August 2014 to 2015, it has been reported that hundreds of boys were forcibly taken from their homes in NInawa and sent to training centers, where boys as young as the age of 8 received weapons training and combat tactics.[15] In addition, in early February 2015, ISIL imposed compulsory recruitment of children in the Rutba district.[16] In Syria, there have been reports of significant increase in the recruitment of young boys. Furthermore, ISIL has reportedly established 3 training camps in Raqqa and have imprisoned hundreds of boys as young as 10 at Aleppo forcing on to them indoctrinated seminars with promised rewards of salaries, a martyr's place in paradise and "gift" of wife upon joining ISIL.[17] These violations by ISIL are war crimes and in breach of fundamental human rights they are required to uphold.
Slavery and sexual violence
editThis act is prohibited by international human rights law in instruments such as the CRC, art 34, 37 and 39[18] and Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. Article 1 provides that "States Parties shall prohibit the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography as provided for by the present Protocol."[19] The rise of ISIL has led to an increase in reported violations of sexual violence committed against children, particularly girls. These violations are likely to be under reported due to security and access constraints by the United Nations and fear of repercussions by the girls. In one of the reported cases, on 6 August 2014, In Sinjar district over 400 Yezidi women and girls were abducted by ISIL and sent to two ISIL controlled areas, Ghabat al-Mosul and Tal Afar (Ninawa) where they were later forced into sexual slavery. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights later verified "clear patterns of sexual violence against Yezidi women and girls, including rape and sexual slavery committed by ISIL in clear violation of international human rights law.[16] In Syria, similar to Iraq, it is difficult to obtain reliable data on the conflict-related sexual violence in ISIL controlled domains as well as fear of stigma and reprisals by the victims. The abducted women and girls, in the attacks on Sinjar in August 2014, were reported to have been taken to Syrian Arab Republic and "sold" in the markets across Raqqa to be used as sex slaves.[20]
The freedom of thought, conscience and religion
editChildren have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion which are core human rights, established in several international conventions such as articles 13 - 17 of the CRC.[21] ISIL has used education as a tool for indoctrination for the purposes of creating a new generation of supporters. In Raqqah, children are gathered to watch screenings of videos showing mass executions of Government soldiers.[22] Its purpose is to desensitize them to extreme violence. In May 2014, there was an abduction of 153 Kurdish boys, aged between 14 –16 years by ISIL. They imprisoned them in the a school in Aleppo and screened videos of beheading and attacks and forced them it a daily instruction on militant ideology for a 5-month period. Those who disagreed were punished with severe beatings.[23] The corroboration of the testimonies collected report that ISIL intends to subjugate children under their control and dominate every aspect of their lives through terror, indoctrination, and provision of services to those who will conform. Their use of surveillance, coercion, fear and punishment are used to prevent any form of disagreement.[24]
Accountability
editWho enforces
editAccountability for all serious or gross violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law is essential to ensure justice, provide redress to the victims and prevent future infringements.[25] The Governments of Iraq and Syrian Arab Republic have the responsibility to protect the individuals under their jurisdiction and ensuring justice and accountability in acts of grave crimes. Domestic courts in Iraq and Syrian Arab Republic have jurisdiction over all violations committed within their territories whether by nationals or foreigners.[26] However, as there have been concerns regarding the judicial systems in both Iraq[27] and the Syrian Arab Republic,[28] the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights urged the involvement of the International Criminal Court. Its main purpose for intervention would be to investigate and prosecute the crimes allegedly committed by ISIL. As neither Iraq nor the Syrian Arab Republic are parties to the Rome Statute, the Court has no territorial jurisdiction over the crimes committed in their territory. In the Special Rapporteur report in 2015,[29] the Special Rapporteur called on the Governments of Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic to become parties without delay to the Rome Statute and to accept the jurisdiction of the Court over the current situation under article 12 (3).[30]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Human Rights Council:Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, 16/06/2015, pg 3 [1]
- ^ "UNICEF - Convention on the Rights of the Child". 12 January 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Assembly, United Nations General. "A/RES/54/263 - Optional protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict and on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography - UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements". Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- ^ Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, 2013, para.66 [2]
- ^ Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the human rights situation in Iraq in the light of abuses committed by the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant and associated groups [3]
- ^ "Geneva Conventions". Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- ^ President of the Security Council on the situation in Iraq [4], p. 2, and Security Council resolution 2170 (2014), para. 3
- ^ Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic [5], annex 2
- ^ "Convention on the Rights of the Child". Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- ^ a b United Nations Security Council: Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Iraq, 2015, pg 6 [6]
- ^ Committee on the Rights of the Child: Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of Iraq, pg 5 [7]
- ^ Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic [8]
- ^ General Assembly Security Council: Children and armed Conflict, 69 session, 2015, p 32 Children and armed conflict [9]
- ^ Security Council: Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Iraq, 2015, pg 9 [10]
- ^ Townsend, Mark (5 March 2016). "How Islamic State is training child killers in doctrine of hate". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
- ^ a b Security Council: Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Iraq, 2015, pg 11 [11]
- ^ General Assembly Security Council: Children and armed conflict, 69 session, 2015, p. 33 [12]
- ^ "Article 34, 37 and 39 of the Conventions on Rights of Children" (PDF). Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- ^ "OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD ON THE SALE OF CHILDREN, CHILD PROSTITUTION AND CHILD PORNOGRAPHY" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-11-18.
- ^ Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council, 2015 [13] p. 19
- ^ "Article 13- 17 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child" (PDF). Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- ^ Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 2014, p. 10 [14]
- ^ Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 2014, p. 11 [15]
- ^ Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 2014, p. 13 [16]
- ^ "Security Council Adopts Resolution 2170 (2014) Condemning Gross, Widespread Abuse of Human Rights by Extremist Groups in Iraq, Syria | UN Press". press.un.org. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
- ^ Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, 2015, p. 11 [17]
- ^ "Report on Human Rights in Iraq: January–June 2014" (PDF). Retrieved 28 April 2017.
- ^ Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, 2015 [18]
- ^ Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, 2015, p.11 [19]
- ^ "Article 12(3) Of the Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2017.