Chaturbhuj Temple, or the Temple of Zero is a Hindu temple excavated in a rock face in the Gwalior Fort, in 875 AD, by Alla, the son of Vaillabhatta, and the grandson of Nagarabhatta a nagar brahmin in present-day Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India.[1][2]
| Chaturbhuj Temple, Gwalior | |
|---|---|
 Chaturbhuj Temple Entrance | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Hinduism |
| District | Gwalior |
| Deity | Vishnu, others |
| Location | |
| Location | Gwalior Fort |
| State | Madhya Pradesh |
| Country | India |
  Shown within India  Chaturbhuj Temple, Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh) | |
| Geographic coordinates | 26°13′50.8″N 78°10′12.1″E / 26.230778°N 78.170028°E |
| Architecture | |
| Style | Nagara |
| Completed | 8th-century[1] |
Temple
editIt is a relative small temple with a square plan of 12 feet (3.7 m) side. The temple has a portico at its entrance supported by four carved pillars. The pillars show reliefs of individuals meditating in yoga asana position, as well as amorous couples. To the right of the portico is covered pillared mandapa, like a choultry. The doorway into the rock is flanked by goddess Ganga and Yamuna. The ceiling of the temple is a low square pyramid, similar to the Dhamnar temple. The tower (Shikhara) of the temple is North Indian Nagara style, that slowly curves with a square plan, all carved out of the monolithic rock. It has an inscription that opens with a praise for Vishnu (Vaishnavism), then Shiva (Shaivism) and nine Durgas (Shaktism), as well states that it was excavated in 876 CE (Samvat 933). Inside there is a wall relief of Varaha (Vishnu's man-boar avatar) and another of four armed Vishnu. It also a carving of goddess Lakshmi with four arms. The name of the temple may be derived from four armed Vishnu and Lakshmi.[1][3]
The temple is partially damaged, and much of the interior artwork is missing, with all the faces removed.[4] Its tower has been restored, and a locked steel double-folding-expanding scissor-link see-through gate was installed.[4]
Earliest "zero"
editOne of the temples inscriptions contains the earliest known inscription of the circular symbol "O", to represent zero, in India, though the Bakhshali manuscript is regarded as the earliest existent use of zero.[5] The inscription states, among other things, that the community planted a garden of 187 hastas by 270 hastas (1 hasta = 1.5 feet), that the garden yielded 50 garlands for the temple every day. The last digits of 270 and 50 are O-shaped. While Indian and non-Indian texts mention zero much earlier, this temple has the earliest known epigraphical evidence inscribed in stone that already knows and uses the concept of zero.[6][7][8]
Gallery
edit-
The temple, tower has been partially restored. -
Outer walls of the temple are carved with Hindu deities. -
Pillar carvings.
Further reading
edit- Amir Aczel. Finding Zero: A Mathematician’s Odyssey to Uncover the Origins of Numbers Palgrave Macmillan 2015[9]
- Amir Aczel. Finding Zero from Talks at Google at YouTube 2015
See also
edit- Bakhshali manuscript, contains "." (dot), the earliest known Indian use of a zero symbol
- Siddhachal Caves
- Telika Mandir
References
edit- ^ a b c Sas-bahu Mandir, A Cunningham, pages 355
- ^ BURGESS, JAS ED. (1882). EPIGRAPHIA INDICA VOL.1. THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT,CALCUTTA. p. 154.
- ^ Kurt Titze; Klaus Bruhn (1998). Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-81-208-1534-6.
- ^ a b video tour with source texts from Historica Indica at YouTube
- ^ "1,800-year-old black dot in Bakhshali manuscript is first 'zero': Researchers". 16 September 2017.
- ^ Syamal K. Sen; Ravi P. Agarwal (2015). Zero: A Landmark Discovery, the Dreadful Void, and the Ultimate Mind. Elsevier Science. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-12-804624-1.
- ^ Georges Ifrah (2000). The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. Wiley. pp. 400–402. ISBN 978-0-471-39340-5.
- ^ Robert Kaplan (1999). The Nothing that Is: A Natural History of Zero. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–44. ISBN 978-0-19-802945-8.
- ^ Alexander, Amir (21 April 2015). "'Finding Zero': A Long Journey for Naught - NYTimes.com". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
External links
edit
- You Can Visit the World’s Oldest Zero at a Temple in India, Smithsonian magazine
- Smithsonian's zero inscription source image at flickr
- video tour with source texts from Historica Indica at YouTube
- Indian Zeros via Mathematical Association of America
- All for Nought: Indian Zero via American Mathematical Society