Charles John Colwell Orr Hastings (23 August 1858 in Markham Township, United Province of Canada – 17 January 1931 in Toronto) was an obstetrician and public health pioneer.
Biography
editRaised on a farm in Markham Township just north of Toronto, Hastings received an M.D. from Victoria University, Toronto in 1885 and, in 1886, became a licentiate of the King and Queen’s College of Physicians in Ireland, followed by further studies in Edinburgh and London.[1]
Career
editHastings lost his daughter to typhoid because of contaminated milk.[2] At that time, Toronto also had no sewage treatment, and used unchlorinated water from Lake Ontario.[2][3][4] In middle age, Hastings switched from a normal career in obstetrics to an outstanding one in public health.[2]
As Toronto's Medical Officer of Health (1910–29) Hastings crusaded to make Toronto the first city in Canada to pasteurize milk.[note 1] He introduced a safe water supply, eliminated privies, helped establish the public-health nursing system, medical and dental inspection in public schools, neighborhood baby clinics, childhood immunizations, and health inspections for homes and restaurants. The improvements lowered Toronto's death rate from communicable diseases from 15.3 per 1000 in 1909 to 10.3 per 1000 in 1925.[citation needed]
Recognition
editHastings became president of the Canadian Public Health Association in 1916 and the American Public Health Association in 1918.[5]
A 193-unit housing cooperative on Elm St., the Charles Hastings Housing Cooperative, was named in Dr. Hastings' honour in 1984. The coop cites his belief that "the foundations for good community health were good housing, clean air and good nutrition".[6]
The Charles Hastings Lecture, an annual public lecture on the social determinants of health honouring Dr. Hastings' legacy, was inaugurated in 2008 by the Toronto Medical Officer of Health, on the following basis: "Dr. Hastings transformed the practice of public health in Toronto. He introduced a safe water supply, initiated childhood immunization, established the public health nursing system, and instituted health inspections of restaurants. By 1922, under his leadership, Toronto had the lowest death rate of any large North American city."[7]
Notes
edit- ^ Denmark instituted compulsory pasteurization in 1898 in an effort to limit the spread of tubercular disease.
References
edit- ^ McDougall, Heather (2016). "Hastings, Charles John Colwell Orr". In Cook, Ramsay; Bélanger, Réal (eds.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. XVI (1931–1940) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- ^ a b c Kevin Plummer (2008-08-16). "Historicist: Guarding A City's Health". Torontoist. Archived from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
- ^ "An Infectious Idea: Clean Water and Sewage Treatment". City of Toronto. 2017-11-23. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
- ^ Longley, Richard (2020-04-18). "Toronto pandemics past: Typhoid and a tale of death in the water". NOW Magazine. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
- ^ "Charles Hastings". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
- ^ Charles Hastings Housing Co-Op https://charleshastingsco-op.ca. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ "The Charles Hastings Lecture Series". 15 November 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2024.
External links
edit- The Canadian Encyclopedia – Hastings, Charles John Colwell Orr
- Archives of Ontario -- Includes a newspaper cartoon on the efforts of Dr. Hastings cleaning up Toronto
- Biographical Article on Dr. Hastings and his work in Toronto
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