Brosme

Cusk
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Gadiformes
Family:	Lotidae
Genus:	Brosme; Oken (ex Cuvier), 1817
Species:	B. brosme
Binomial name
	Brosme brosme; (Ascanius, 1772)
	Distribution of cusk (in blue)
Synonyms
	Gadus brosme Ascanius, 1772; Brosmius brosme (Ascanius, 1772); Enchelyopus brosme (Ascanius, 1772); Gadus torsk Bonnaterre, 1788; Gadus lubb Euphrasen, 1794; Blennius torsk Lacepède, 1800; Brosmius flavescens Lesueur, 1819; Brosmerus flavesny Lesueur, 1819; Brosmius flavesny (Lesueur, 1819); Brosmus vulgaris Fleming, 1828; Brosmius vulgaris (Fleming, 1828); Brosmius scotica Swainson, 1839; Brosmius americanus Gill, 1863;

The cusk (Brosme brosme) is a North Atlantic cod-like fish in the ling family Lotidae. It is the only species in the genus Brosme.^[1] Its other common names include European cusk, and brosmius.^[2]

Description

It is easily distinguished at a glance from other cod-like fish, as it has only one dorsal fin. Also characteristic of the fish is the nature of its dorsal, caudal, and anal fins; they are continuous at the base, but separated by very deep notches so that they are obviously distinct. Moreover, the caudal fin is evenly rounded. It is variable in color, from slate to reddish brown above, and paling to gray on the lower sides and underneath. Older fish are usually plain-colored, while the young often have transverse yellow bands on their sides. Their maximum length is about 4 ft (120 cm) and top weight is about 45 lb (20 kg). The IGFA world record stands at 37 lb 14 oz (17,20 kg), caught by Anders Jonasson outside Sørøya in northern Norway.

Distribution and habitat

It is distributed on both sides of the North Atlantic, mostly in moderately deep water. On the North American coast, it is regularly found southward to Cape Cod and occasionally off New Jersey. Its maximum range covers most of the North Atlantic, including the waters around Iceland and the Norwegian coast.^[1] It is also found on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.^[3]

Cusk show little genetic differentiation over large distances, except where populations are surrounded by deep-water areas, namely on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Rockall Bank. This suggests deep-water areas are barriers for adult movements, and though they have pelagic eggs and larvae, dispersal during early life stages is not effective over long distances.^[3]

It is normally found in water deeper than 600 ft (200 m), and practically always is taken over rough bottoms where rocks, ledges, or gravel are common. Good fishing areas are usually much more limited than is the case with cod, haddock, or pollock. It is an offshore fish and rarely is one taken in a harbor.

It should not be confused with the burbot, which is also called the "freshwater cusk", of a different Lotidae genus.

Pollution

Like many other marine animals, the cusk is directly affected by pollution. A specific pollutant that affects them is inorganic mercury (Hg). Within aquatic ecosystems, mercury can get converted to methylmercury (MeHg), which is one of the most toxic species of mercury compounds. MeHg is subject to biomagnification and bioaccumulation within marine food webs.^[4]^[5] Cusk are a food source for many other organisms, so the toxins they accumulate over time directly affect any other organism that consumes them, including humans.

Studies conducted in Western Norway, Central Europe, and the Mediterranean have shown that mercury concentrations within fish are highest in wild-marine fish, which sometimes exceed food-safety guidelines of 500 μg/kg, whereas wild-freshwater and farmed fish have less mercury within their system.^[5] This is probably due to the fact that most mercury first enters rivers from inland sources and then accumulates in marine environments where the cusk live. In addition to this, it has also been shown that mercury concentrations are higher within fjords rather than coastal and open areas. This is likely due to the morphology of the fjords, or to local human activity.^[4]

Mercury trophic transfer within an aquatic environment.

Habits

It spawns in the spring and summer, usually between April and early July. A medium-sized female has been known to produce more than two million buoyant eggs. The young live near the surface until they are about 2 in (5 cm) long, and then seek out rocky ocean floors in deep water.

Diet

It is strictly a bottom-dwelling species, and is sluggish and a rather weak swimmer. It eats crustaceans and other soft-bodied invertebrates and mollusks.

Fishing technique

Cusk are primarily fished on the North American North Atlantic coastal shelf near the American state of Maine and the Canadian Maritimes.

In the Gulf of Maine, cusk are chiefly taken on hook and line. Line trawls account for most of the commercial catch off the New England coast, and most of them are caught during the winter and spring. The commercial catch individuals run between 1 and 2 feet long (30–60 cm), and average about 5 lb (2 kg). It is an excellent food fish. It is marketed as fresh or frozen fillets; a part of the catch is smoked.

Global annual cusk catches in 1950–2003 from FAO statistics. The highest catch was 55,000 tonnes in 1980.

Conservation status

Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) considers this species endangered based on a 2012 Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada assessment.^[6] The status report identified that catches of cusk in the DFO summer bottom-trawl survey had declined by roughly 90% from 1970 to the late 1990s.^[7] A landings limit of 1000 mt was put in place in 1999 in the 4X North American Fisheries Organization area and was further restricted to 750 t and expanded to include the 4VWX5Z NAFO areas in 2003. Cusk are still commonly caught as bycatch in the longline and lobster fisheries and can be found in supermarkets in Atlantic Canada despite its threatened status. A study that was conducted in the Gulf of Maine region showed that the conservation status of cusk was partly dependent on future greenhouse gas emissions. Higher emissions showed greater habitat reduction, as much as 80% by the end of the century.^[8]

Cusk is a US National Marine Fisheries Service species of concern, which are those species about which the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, has some concerns regarding its conservation status and current threats, but for which insufficient information is available to indicate a need to list the species under the Endangered Species Act. On March 9, 2007, the National Marine Fisheries Service announced the initiation of a status review to determine whether the species warrants listing under the act.^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Brosme brosme". FishBase. May 2006 version.
^ Cusk Fish and seafood fact sheets. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
^ ^a ^b Knutsen, H.; Jorde, P. E.; Sannaes, H.; Hoelzel, R. A.; Bergstad, O. A.; Stefanni, S.; Johansen, T.; Stenseth, N. C. (2009). "Bathymetric barriers promoting genetic structure in the deepwater demersal fish tusk (Brosme brosme)". Molecular Ecology. 18 (15): 3151–3162. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04253.x. PMID 19549108. S2CID 27898655.
^ ^a ^b Rua-Ibarz, Ana; Bolea-Fernandez, Eduardo; Maage, Amund; Frantzen, Sylvia; Sanden, Monica; Vanhaecke, Frank (2019-02-19). "Tracing Mercury Pollution along the Norwegian Coast via Elemental, Speciation, and Isotopic Analysis of Liver and Muscle Tissue of Deep-Water Marine Fish (Brosme brosme)". Environmental Science & Technology. 53 (4): 1776–1785. Bibcode:2019EnST...53.1776R. doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b04706. hdl:11250/2636594. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 30652479.
^ ^a ^b Zupo, Valerio; Graber, Gunnar; Kamel, Samar; Plichta, Veronika; Granitzer, Sebastian; Gundacker, Claudia; Wittmann, Karl J. (December 2019). "Mercury accumulation in freshwater and marine fish from the wild and from aquaculture ponds". Environmental Pollution. 255 (Pt 1): 112975. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112975. PMID 31541831. S2CID 201226087.
^ "COSEWIC Species Database : Cusk". Archived from the original on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-01-23. COSEWIC Species Database: Cusk. COSEWIC
^ SARA registry report on Cusk (PDF) - Fisheries and Oceans Canada report on the state of cusk fisheries
^ Hare, Jonathan; Manderson, John; Nye, Janet; Alexander, Michael; Auster, Peter; Borggaard, Diane; Capotondi, Antonietta; Damon-Randall, Kimberly; Heupel, Eric; Mateo, Ivan; O'Brien, Loretta; Richardson, David; Stock, Charles; Biegel, Sarah (2012). "Cusk (Brosme brosme) and climate change: assessing the threat to a candidate marine fish species under the US Endangered Species Act". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 69 (10): 1764. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fss160.
^ NMFS. Endangered and Threatened Species; Initiation of a Status Review under the Endangered Species Act for Cusk.Federal Register;; v72, (March 9, 2007), 10710–10711.