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Brazilian militias (Portuguese: Milícias), mainly in Rio de Janeiro, and some other cities of Brazil, are illegal mafia-like paramilitary groups made up of current and former police (Civil or Military) officers as well as Military Firefighters Corps officers, criminals, politicians, and military officers, operating also as a regular mafia by trade extortion and political influence.[1]
| Brazilian militias | |
|---|---|
| Foundation | early 1980s |
| Country | Brazil |
| Motives | Fill the power vacuum left by the destruction of drug gangs in favelas, becoming the new force that rules these regions while partaking in the same activities the gangs used to. |
| Status | Active |
| Means of revenue | Robbery, Protection rackets, Usury, Extortion, Kidnappings, Human Trafficking, Pimping and Arms trafficking |
| Opponents | Comando Vermelho, Amigos dos Amigos, Terceiro Comando Puro, Military Police, Civil Police |
| Battles and wars | Militias–Comando Vermelho conflict |
Militias carry out both vigilante and organized crime activities. In the favelas, drug gangs like ADA and Red Command control trafficking and violence networks, openly selling drugs and carrying weapons as well as acting as the de facto authorities, building infrastructure and enforcing their own brand of law and order. These police-backed militias historically force out the drug traffickers in order to set up their own protection rackets, extorting residents and taxing basic services.[2][3][4][5]
History
editThe militias have their roots in the death squads of the Brazilian military dictatorship in 1964.[1] They emerged in the late 2000s, being made up of off-duty police officers with assistance from local businessmen who need protection from armed gangs.[6]
Thanks to close ties to the official police force, the militias often enjoy the support of local politicians.[7][8]
In 2006, the drug trafficking network Comando Vermelho started a conflict against the militias.
Politicians
editCesar Maia, Rio de Janeiro's mayor 1993-97 and 2001-09 supported the rise of militias; in his words, militias were "community self-defense" and "an evil better than drug gangs".[9]
In 2008, a group of journalists in disguise documenting the militia's actions were kidnapped and tortured by a militia. The journalists were held for seven hours before being freed without any harm. Although the identities of the journalists remain secret (with the exception of photojournalist Nilton Claudinho), two politicians were accused of orchestrating the kidnapping: Coronel Jairo and his son Dr. Jairinho.
Even in 2008, innumerable civilians have been killed by militias trying to incriminate local drug dealers and trying to enforce the political candidacy of Carminha Jerominho.
In 2008, the parliamentary commission of inquiry into the militias was installed in the Legislative Assembly of the State of Rio de Janeiro, chaired by state deputy Marcelo Freixo. Several politicians were summoned to testify before this CPI, being accused of involvement with militia members, including councillors/candidates for councilor Nadinho de Rio das Pedras, Cristiano Girão, Deco and Doen, as well as deputy Marina Maggessi and deputy and former security secretary Marcelo Itagiba.[10][11]
Known leaders and members
edit- Edmilson Gomes Menezes, a.k.a. "Macaquinho"/Little Monkey (Incarcerated)[12]
- Gerardo Alves Mascarenhas, a.k.a. "O Pirata"/The Pirate (Incarcerated)[13][14]
- Thiago Amorim de Queiroz, a.k.a. "Ratão"/Big Rat (Incarcerated)[15]
- Willians Tavares Mendonça da Silva, a.k.a. "Dengudo" (Incarcerated)[16]
- João Paulo de Castro Pereira, a.k.a. "JP da Carobinha" (Incarcerated)[17]
- Matheus da Conceição Santos, a.k.a. "Caveirinha"/Little Skull (Incarcerated)[18]
- Sérgio Rodrigues da Costa Silva[19]
In popular culture
edit- Corrupt police and militias are the main antagonists in the 2010 film Elite Squad: The Enemy Within.
- The Crachá Preto, a fictional far-right paramilitary group with ties to the police, are the secondary antagonists in the 2012 video game Max Payne 3.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b "Against the current: Brazil's dangerous militias | DW | 04.09.2019". Deutsche Welle.
- ^ "Death of a Rio Cartel". The Intercept. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
- ^ "'Like a cancer:' Rio militias grow, control swaths of city | CTV News". www.ctvnews.ca. 24 December 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
- ^ Phillips, Dom. "How Brazil's militias wield terror to seize power from drug gangs". The Irish Times. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
- ^ "Brazil's fearsome militias: mafia boom increases threat to democracy | The Guardian News". www.theguardian.com. 18 October 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ "In Brazil's Belem, rogue cop-run militias 'make their own laws'".
- ^ "'Lesser evil': how Brazil's militias wield terror to seize power from gangs | World news". The Guardian. 12 July 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
- ^ "InsightCrime: Spate of Murders in Brazil Shines Spotlight on Militia Phenomenon". insightcrime.org. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
- ^ "Milícias avançam pelo corredor do Pan 2007 (Portuguese)". oglobo.globo.com. 4 October 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- ^ "G1 > Edição Rio de Janeiro - NOTÍCIAS - Contradições marcam depoimentos à CPI das Milícias, diz deputado". g1.globo.com. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
- ^ "CPI indicia 150 pessoas por ligação com milícias no Rio". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
- ^ "Miliciano conhecido como Macaquinho, um dos mais procurados do Rio, é preso escondido embaixo da cama". Jornal O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 12 August 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ^ "Miliciano de Rio das Pedras réu na Operação Intocáveis é preso no Ceará". Jornal O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 26 September 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ^ "Alvo da Operação Intocáveis, suspeito de integrar milícia no Rio é preso no Ceará". G1 (Ceará) (in Brazilian Portuguese). 26 September 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ^ "Polícia Civil prende suspeito de ser um dos chefes da milícia de Rio das Pedras". G1 (Rio de Janeiro) (in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 November 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ^ "Miliciano foragido da Justiça é preso cortando cabelo na Zona Oeste do Rio". G1 (Rio de Janeiro) (in Brazilian Portuguese). 14 September 2019. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ^ "Miliciano é preso escondido na casa de namorada em Bangu, na Zona Oeste do Rio". Jornal Extra (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 December 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ^ "Polícia prende miliciano apontado como um dos responsáveis por guerra na Zona Oeste do Rio". G1 (Rio de Janeiro) (in Brazilian Portuguese). 31 March 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ^ "Purported leader of criminal gang is slain at a beachfront restaurant in Rio de Janeiro". AP News. 22 January 2024.