Bir el-Garama is a well in the south of Algeria in Tamanrasset Province, 150 kilometres (93 mi) northeast of Tamanrasset, known as the site where a large part of the French colonial Flatters Expedition was wiped out by Tuaregs. It is better known on French maps by its Tamahaq language name: Tagmout T-an Koufar, or 'well of the foreigner'.
Bir el-Garama | |
|---|---|
Well | |
 The 1881 massacre at Bir el-Garama | |
  Bir el-Garama | |
| Coordinates: 23°16′00″N 6°51′00″E / 23.2667°N 6.85°E[1] | |
| Country | Algeria |
| Province | Tamanrasset |
| Elevation | 1,102 m (3,615 ft) |
Location
editBir el-Garama is also known as Tagmout, Taguienout or Tadjenout, but the latter are common Tuareg place names used all over their territory.[2] It is about 1,177 metres (3,862 ft) above sea level.[3] The Arabic name means "well of the Garamentes". It is close to the course of the Oued Ti-n-Tarabine which peters out into the desert near the Niger border close to the old border post of I-n- Azaoua.
Flatters expedition
editIn 1881 Paul Flatters led an expedition south to survey a route for a trans-Saharan railway. Before the expedition left Ouargla plans had been made to destroy it by the Kel Ahaggar Tuaregs of the Hoggar Mountains, the Awlad Sidi Shaykh confederation and the Senussi. They knew the planned route and were kept informed by the expedition guides, who helped sabotage the expedition by leading it past wells. It is said six hundred men of the three tribes gathered to ambush the expedition near Bir el-Garama.[4] Tuaregs had been shadowing the expedition for several days when it approached the wells of Bir-el-Gharama.[5] However Flatters considered that Ahitagel ag Muhammad Biska, the Amenukal of the Kel Ahaggar, completely controlled the area and would ensure that no French were harmed in his land.[6]
Near In-Uhawen, or the wells of Tadjenout, Flatters left his baggage in camp with half his troops while he and his officers and scientific staff went to find the well, followed by the camels.[6] Flatters told a guide who warned of danger, "we have nothing to fear". Half an hour after they found the well, Flatters and his men were surrounded by a large force of Tuaregs armed with lances and muzzle-loading muskets. Some men tried to flee on the camels, but the animals refused to leave the well.[7] Flatters, Masson, Beringer, Roche, Guiard and the expedition's commissary Deverny were killed, as were 30 camel drivers.[5] Only ten men escaped. The Tuaregs took almost all of the 250 camels.[7]
Notes
edit- ^ National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.
- ^ Taguienout – geoview.info.
- ^ Taguienouok – geonames.
- ^ Grandjean.
- ^ a b Ney 1891, p. 636.
- ^ a b Brower 2011, p. 239.
- ^ a b Brower 2011, p. 240.
Sources
edit- Brower, Benjamin Claude (2011), A Desert Named Peace: The Violence of France's Empire in the Algerian Sahara, 1844–1902, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-15493-2, retrieved 2017-09-04
- Grandjean, Charles, "Flatters", Imago Mundi (in French), retrieved 2017-09-03
- Hennebert, Lieutenant-colonel (1890), "Le Soudan Français", Le correspondant (in French), Bureaux du Correspondant, retrieved 2017-09-25
- National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, "Bir el Garama: Algeria", Geographic.org, Bethesda, retrieved 2017-09-25
- Ney, Napoleon (1891), "The Proposed Trans-Saharian Railway", Scribner's Magazine, Charles Scribner's Sons, retrieved 2017-07-29
- "Taguienout", geonames, retrieved 2017-09-25
- "Taguienout", geoview.info, retrieved 2017-09-25