Bifenox is the ISO common name[3] for an organic compound used as an herbicide. It acts by inhibiting the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase which is necessary for chlorophyll synthesis.[4][5]
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| Names | |
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| Preferred IUPAC name
Methyl 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.050.795 |
PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties[1] | |
| C14H9Cl2NO5 | |
| Molar mass | 342.13 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Yellow solid |
| Melting point | 85 °C (185 °F; 358 K) |
| 0.35 mg/L | |
| Hazards | |
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |
LD50 (median dose)
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6400 mg/kg (oral, rat)[2] |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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History
editThe nitrophenyl ethers are a well-known class of herbicides, the oldest member of which was nitrofen, invented by Rohm & Haas and first registered for sale in 1964.[6] This area of chemistry became very competitive, with the Mobil Oil Corporation's filing in 1969 and grant in 1974 of a patent to the structural analog with a COOCH3 group adjacent to the nitro group of nitrofen.[7] Bifenox was launched with the brand name Mowdown in 1981. Meanwhile Rohm & Haas had patented[8] and developed acifluorfen (as its sodium salt with brand name Blazer) in 1980.[9] Both compounds had much improved properties including a wider spectrum of herbicidal effect and good safety to some crops, including soybean.
Synthesis
editBifenox was first synthesized by R.J. Theissen of the agricultural research section of Mobil Chemical's Central Research Laboratory in 1969 .
The preparation of bifenox first described in the Mobil patent includes as its final step an Ullmann condensation between the potassium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenol and methyl 2-nitro-5-chlorobenzoic acid.[7][10]: 43
The methyl 2-nitro-5-chlorobenzoic acid was made starting from Toluene/Chlorine/benzoic acid/Methanol/nitric acid/ in a 5 steps synthesis http://www.microchem.fr/patent_alas/process_info/bifenox/bifenox.html
Mechanism of action
editThe detailed mechanism of action for nitrofen, acifluorfen and related diphenyl ether herbicides was unknown at the time they were invented. The effects visible on whole plants are chlorosis and desiccation: several hypotheses were advanced regarding the molecular-level interactions which might explain these symptoms.[11] The now-accepted explanation for the damage is that these compounds inhibit the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase, which leads to an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the plant cells. This is a potent photosensitizer which activates oxygen, leading to lipid peroxidation. Both light and oxygen are required for this process to kill the plant.[5][12]
Uses
editBifenox is not currently used in the United States[13] although in 1981 it had been subject to a full regulatory review, under the then-new "Registration Standard" process.[10] Within the European Union, a 2-tiered approach is used for the approval and authorisation of pesticides. Firstly, before a formulated product can be developed for market, the active substance must be approved for the European Union. After this has been achieved, authorisation for the specific product must be sought from every Member State that the applicant wants to sell it to. Afterwards, there is a monitoring programme to make sure the pesticide residues in food are below the limits set by the European Food Safety Authority. Bifenox is registered for use against weeds in crops including cereals, soybeans, sugarbeet and rice.[14][15] In Switzerland, some of its formulations can be used in lawns and orchards.[citation needed]
Bifenox is normally applied postemergence (when weeds are visible in the crop). It controls or suppresses a wide range of species including Capsella bursa-pastoris, Galium aparine, Lamium purpureum, Myosotis arvensis, Papaver rhoeas, Veronica hederifolia, Veronica persica and Viola arvensis. The product is typically used at application rates of 720 g a.i. per hectare.[16]
References
edit- ^ Record in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
- ^ Thomson, W.T. (1977). Agricultural Chemicals. Vol. 2. Fresno, CA: Thomson Publications. p. 15.
- ^ "Compendium of Pesticide Common Names: bifenox". BCPC.
- ^ Kwesi Ampong-Nyarko, Surajit K. De Datta. A Handbook for Weed Control in Rice. p. 68. ISBN 9712200205.
- ^ a b Nagano, Eiki (1999). "Herbicidal Efficacy of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors". Peroxidizing Herbicides. pp. 293–302. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-58633-0_11. ISBN 978-3-642-63674-5.
- ^ Pesticide Properties Database. "Nitrofen". University of Hertfordshire. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
- ^ a b US patent 3784635, Theissen R.J., "Substituted Phenoxybenzoic Acids and Esters thereof", issued 1974-01-08, assigned to Mobil Oil Corporation
- ^ US patent 3928416, Bayer H. O.; Swithenbank C. & Yih R. Y., "Herbicidal 4-trifluoromethyl-4'-nitrodiphenyl ethers", issued 1975-12-23, assigned to Rohm & Haas
- ^ Pesticide Properties Database. "Acifluorfen-sodium". University of Hertfordshire. Retrieved 2021-03-03.
- ^ a b "Bifenox: Pesticide Registration Standard" (PDF). EPA. December 1981. Retrieved 2021-03-07.
- ^ Ridley, Stuart M. (1983). "Interaction of Chloroplasts with Inhibitors". Plant Physiology. 72 (2): 461–468. doi:10.1104/pp.72.2.461. PMC 1066256. PMID 16663025.
- ^ Dayan, Franck E.; Reddy, Krishna N.; Duke, Stephen O. (1999). "Structure-Activity Relationships of Diphenyl Ethers and Other Oxygen-Bridged Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors". Peroxidizing Herbicides. pp. 141–161. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-58633-0_5. ISBN 978-3-642-63674-5.
- ^ "Bifenox: Uses". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
- ^ Pesticide Properties Database. "Bifenox". University of Hertfordshire. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
- ^ "Conclusion regarding the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance bifenox". EFSA Journal. 6 (2): 119r. 2008. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.119r.
- ^ "Fox: MAPP 11981" (PDF). Adama.com. August 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-02-27. Retrieved 2021-03-08.
External links
edit- Bifenox in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)
