Bible translations into Oceanic languages have a relatively closely related and recent history.
Language family
editOceanic
editThe Oceanic languages tree also encompasses other languages, such as Fijian.
Pama-Nyungan and other Indigenous Australian languages
editVarious Australian Aboriginal languages in the Pama-Nyungan family have partial Bible translations. Some have complete New Testaments and partially-complete Old Testaments too, including Arrernte, Pitjantjatjara, Warlpiri, Pintupi-Luritja, Tiwi, Torres Strait Creole and Yolŋgu Matha. However, only one of them has a complete Bible translation (Old and New Testaments); Australian Kriol, a creole language spoken by almost 40,000 people in parts of the Northern Territory and the Kimberley region of Western Australia, which took 25 years to complete. It was completed in 2019.
Polynesian
editThe following is a simplified version of the language tree of Polynesian languages showing only the major languages:[1]
- Tongic:
- Nuclear Polynesian:
- Anuta
- Rennell-Bellona (Futuna Island, Wallis and Futuna)
- Ellicean (9 languages)
- Tikopia
- Vaeakau-Taumako:
- Pileni (and Taumako; on the Reef Islands in the Solomons)
- Eastern Polynesian 12 languages - including: Rapa Nui language (on Easter Island), Rapan language (on Rapa Iti), Hawaiian, Marquesan language (Marquesas Islands), Mangarevan, (Gambier Islands), Māori (New Zealand), Tuamotuan (spoken throughout the Tuamotu Archipelago of French Polynesia) Rarotongan (southern Cook Islands), Manihiki, Penrhyn (Penrhyn Island), Tahitian, and Austral (in the Austral Islands)
- Vanuatu-Loyalty Outliers
- Emaic - Fagauvea (of French New Caledonia)
- Futuna-Aniwan or West Futunan (Futuna Island, Vanuatu)
Australian Kriol
edit| Verse | Text |
|---|---|
| Genesis 1:1 | Orait, longtaim wen God bin stat meigimbat ebrijing, nomo enijing bin jidan. Imbin jis eniwei, nomo garram enijing. Oni strongbala woda bin goran goran ebriwei, en imbin brabli dakbala, en det spirit blanga God bin mubabat ontop langa det woda. |
Chamorro
editFutunan
editFutunan is the language of Futuna Island. The first portions of the Bible on Aniwa Island was Mark and Matthew, translated by John Gibson Paton. These were published in Melbourne in 1877. In 1880 Acts was printed at Melbourne under the care of Mr. Paton's sons. In 1882-3 John, 1st and 2nd Timothy, Titus, Philemon, 1st, 2nd, 3rd John and Jude were printed at Melbourne. Paton's translation of the complete New Testament was published in 1899.
Gilbertese
editHiram Bingham II, Congregationalist, translated at least parts of the Bible into Gilbertese.
| Translation | John (Ioane) 3:16 |
|---|---|
| Bingham, 1866 | Ba e bati taṅiran te aomata iroun te Atua, ma ṅaia are e aṅa Natina ae te rikitemana, ba e aoṅan aki mate ane onimakina, ma e na maiu n aki toki. |
Hawaiian
editMāori
editThe Bible was translated into the Māori language in the 19th century by missionaries sponsored by the Church Missionary Society.[2] In 1826, the Rev. William Williams started work on the translation of the Bible into the Māori language. The Rev. Robert Maunsell worked with William Williams on the translation of the Bible. William Williams concentrated on the New Testament; Maunsell worked on the Old Testament, portions of which were published in 1827, 1833 and 1840 with the full translation completed in 1857.[3][4]
In July 1827 William Colenso printed the first Māori Bible comprising three chapters of Genesis, the 20th chapter of Exodus, the first chapter of the Gospel of St John, 30 verses of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of St Matthew, the Lord's Prayer and some hymns. It was the first book printed in New Zealand and his 1837 Māori New Testament was the first indigenous language translation of the Bible published in the southern hemisphere.[5][3]
In 1830, during Rev. William Yate's stay in Sydney, New South-Wales, he supervised the printing of an edition of 550 copies of a translation of the first three chapters of the Book of Genesis; the first eight chapters of the Gospel according to St. Matthew; the first four chapters of the Gospel according to St. John; the first six chapters of the Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians; parts of the Liturgy and the third catechism, Ko te katekihama III.[6][7]
William Gilbert Puckey also collaborated with William Williams on the translation of the New Testament, which was published in 1837 and its revision in 1844.[3]
The translation and printing of the Book of Common Prayer was completed by November 1841. The greater number of the Collects were translated by the Rev. William Williams; the Sacramental and Matrimonial Services by William Puckey; and the remaining Collects, with the Epistles from the Old Testament, Thanksgivings, and Prayers, Communion of the Sick, Visitation of the Sick, Commination, Rubrics, and Articles of Religion, by William Colenso.[8] From May to September 1844 a committee consisted of Archdeacon William Williams, the Rev. Robert Maunsell, James Hamlin, and William Puckey revising the translation of the Common-Prayer Book. [9][10] The first complete editions of the New Testament, and the revisions, were published at the expense of the British and Foreign Bible Society.[11]
The Rev. William Williams and Rev. T. W. Meller M.A., the Editorial Superintendent of the British and Foreign Bible Society, worked to revise the translation of the New Testament.[11] In 1853, 15,000 copies were printed in England.[12] These copies, when circulated, made the total number of 106,221 copies of the New Testament printed in the Māori language and distributed by the CMS and Wesleyan Missionary Society in New Zealand.[12] In the early 1860s Elizabeth Fairburn Colenso helped prepare the revised Māori Old Testament and New Testament for the press. She corrected the printed copy, sometimes suggesting alternative translations.[13]
The first edition of the full Māori Bible was published in 1868.[11] Since then, there have been four revisions of the full Bible at intervals of 21 years, 36 years and finally 27 years up to the 1952 edition. The New Zealand Bible Society has a vision for a new translation of the Bible into modern colloquial Māori.
| Translation | John 3:16 |
|---|---|
| Koia ano te aroha o te Atua ki te ao, homai ana e ia tana Tama kotahi, kia kahore ai e ngaro te tangata e whakapono ana ki an ia, engari kia whiwhi ai ki te ora tonu. |
Rarotongan
editRev. John Williams with the support of Rev. Aaron Buzzacott and Rev. Charles Pittman translated the New Testament in the late 1820s through to the early 1830s. He left Rarotonga, Cook Islands in 1834 for England to conduct a series of fundraising lectures, publish his book Missionary Enterprises in the South Seas and to publish the Rarotongan Bible - New Testament. He came back to Rarotonga soon after, and left for the New Hebrides in 1839 where he was killed and eaten by cannibals at Erromanga on 20 November 1839. He was 43 years of age. The complete Bible was published in 1851. [Insert by Tangata Vainerere, 2014]
| Translation | Ioane 3:16 |
|---|---|
| I aroa mai te Atua i to te ao nei, kua tae rava ki te oronga anga mai i tana Tamaiti anau tai, kia kore e mate te akarongo iaia, kia rauka ra te ora mutu kore. |
Samoan
editSamoan language first had a Gospel of John from 1841, then a Bible from 1844, mainly the work of George Pratt.[14]
Tahitian
editJohn Davies (1772-1855) and Henry Nott (1774-1844) translated the Bible into Tahitian.[15]
Tongan
editAlthough parts of the Bible were first translated into Tongan in 1844, the New Testament was first published in 1849.[16] The first complete edition of the Bible was translated into Tongan by Wesleyan missionaries; the translation was then revised and edited by Thomas West, and published in London by W. M. Watts in 1860 (New Testament) and 1862 (Old Testament).[17][18] Another translation of the Bible into Tongan was completed by James Egan Moulton in 1902 after serving there as a Methodist minister for eleven years. His translation is still in use today.[19]
References
edit- ^ "Glottolog 4.7 - Polynesian". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
- ^ Bible Society – Translation Work
- ^ a b c Rogers, Lawrence M. (1973). Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams. Pegasus Press.
- ^ "Untitled article on Maori Bible translation". Transcribed by the Right Reverend Dr. Terry Brown Bishop of Malaita, Church of the Province of Melanesia, 2008. The Church Journal, New-York. 10 November 1858. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Newman, Keith (2010) [2010]. Bible & Treaty, Missionaries among the Māori – a new perspective. Penguin. ISBN 978-0143204084. pp 20-110
- ^ "Ko te katekihama III". Auckland Libraries' Grey Collection. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
- ^ "The Missionary Register". Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. 1831. pp. 67–68. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
- ^ "The Missionary Register". Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. 1842. p. 475. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
- ^ "The Missionary Register". Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. 1845. p. 364. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
- ^ "New Zealand Mission". Missionary Register. 1845. pp. 364–373. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
- ^ a b c "Maori (or New Zealand) Version of the Scriptures". McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ^ a b "The Missionary Register". Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. 1853. p. 225. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
- ^ Murray, Janet E. (30 October 2012). "Colenso, Elizabeth". Dictionary of New Zealand biography. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
- ^ To live among the stars: Christian origins in Oceania - Page 126 John Garrett - 1982 "The final form of the Bible, produced under the auspices of the British and Foreign Bible Society, set standards for both written and spoken Samoan. Robert Louis Stevenson thought it "not only a monument of excellent literature, but also a desirable piece of typography."
- ^ Moon Handbooks Tahiti: Including the Cook Islands - Page 133 David Stanley - 2003 The Reverend Henry Nott ... who translated the Bible into Tahitian, is buried directly behind the school (go around behind the building to see the ornate tomb). Nott arrived on the ship Duff in 1796 and served with the London Missionary Society for 18 years.
- ^ The Bible in Tongan
- ^ British and Foreign Bible Society (1862). "Koe Tohi Tabu katoa : Aia cku i ai ae Tohi Tabu Motua".
- ^ West, Thomas.; British and Foreign Bible Society (1862). Koe tohi Tabu Katoa; aia oku i ai ae tohi Tabu Motua, bea moe tohi oe Fuakava Foou. Koe hiki ki he lea fakatoga e he kau faifekau. Aia oku i ai ae tohi Tabu Motua, bea moe tohi oe Fuakava Foou. Lonitoni.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Claughton, S. G., "James Egan Moulton (1841–1909)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 2024-09-26