The Bhumibol Dam (formerly known as the Yanhi Dam) is a concrete arch dam on the Ping River, a tributary of the Chao Phraya River, in Sam Ngao District of Tak Province, Thailand. It is about 480 km (298 mi) north of Bangkok and was built for the purposes of water storage, hydroelectric power production, flood control, fisheries and saltwater intrusion management. The dam was named after King Bhumibol Adulyadej and it was Thailand's first multi-purpose project.[1] It is the highest dam in Thailand at 154 m (505 ft) tall.[2][3]
| Bhumibol Dam | |
|---|---|
 | |
  Location of Bhumibol Dam in Thailand | |
| Country | Thailand |
| Location | Sam Ngao, Tak |
| Coordinates | 17°14′33″N 98°58′20″E / 17.24250°N 98.97222°E |
| Status | In use |
| Construction began | 1958 |
| Opening date | 1964 |
| Owner(s) | Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand |
| Dam and spillways | |
| Impounds | Ping River |
| Height | 154 m (505 ft) |
| Length | 486 m (1,594 ft) |
| Width (crest) | 8 m (26 ft) |
| Reservoir | |
| Creates | Bhumibol Reservoir |
| Total capacity | 13,462,000,000 m3 (10,913,821 acre⋅ft) |
| Active capacity | 9,762,000,000 m3 (7,914,182 acre⋅ft) |
| Catchment area | 26,400 km2 (10,193 sq mi) |
| Surface area | 300 km2 (116 sq mi) |
| Power Station | |
| Commission date | 1964–1996 |
| Turbines | 2 x 76.3 MW Francis-type, 1 x 115 MW Pelton-type, 1 x 175 MW Francis pump-turbine |
| Installed capacity | 779.2 MW |
Background
editThe dam was originally called Yanhee Dam in 1951 when the government of prime minister Field Marshal Plaek Pibulsongkram initiated the project. It was renamed Bhumibol Dam in 1957.[4] The dam, among others in the Chao Phraya basin, was constructed beginning in the 1950s to exploit the agricultural and hydroelectric potential of the basin. Construction on the dam began in 1958 and was finished in 1964 at a cost of 3.5 billion baht.[4] The reservoir was completely filled in 1970. The first two generators were commissioned in 1964. In 1972, the Sirikit Dam was completed on the Nan River, one of two major tributaries of the Chao Phraya including the Ping. The Bhumibol and Sirikit Dams control 22 percent of the Chao Phraya's annual runoff combined.[5] Both dams also help provide for the irrigation of 1,200,000 ha (4,633 sq mi) in the wet season and 480,000 ha (1,853 sq mi) in the dry season.[6]
In 1991, the Lower Mae Ping Dam (17°14′31″N 99°00′58″E / 17.24194°N 99.01611°E) was constructed 5 km (3 mi) downstream to create a lower reservoir for the one pumped-storage turbine that was installed. When constructed, the Bhumibol Dam contributed 73.66 percent of Thailand's power generation and in 2003 that number was 2 percent.[7]
During the 2011 Thailand floods, rainfall for March 2011 over the area of northern Thailand was an extraordinary 344 percent above normal. Bhumibol Dam in particular got 242.8 millimetres (9.56 in) of rain, 224.7 millimetres (8.85 in) above the mean of 25.2 millimetres (0.99 in) and since 1 January had accumulated 245.9 millimetres (9.68 in), 216 millimetres (8.5 in) or 186 percent above normal.[8][failed verification]
Design
editThe dam is an arch-gravity type and is 154 m (505 ft) tall, 486 m (1,594 ft) long and 8 m (26 ft) wide at its crest. It withholds a reservoir of 13,462,000,000 m3 (10,913,821 acre⋅ft) of which 9,762,000,000 m3 (7,914,182 acre⋅ft) is active or "useful" storage. The dam's catchment area is 26,400 km2 (10,193 sq mi) while its surface area is 300 km2 (116 sq mi).[5] The Lower Mae Ping Dam is 8 m (26 ft) high, 300 m (984 ft) long and has a storage capacity of 5,000,000 m3 (4,054 acre⋅ft). In off-peak hours, the one pump-turbine returns water back into the Bhumibol (upper) reservoir and when demand is high, the pump serves as a generator for power production.[7]
Power station
editThe power plant contains eight turbines for an installed capacity of 779.2 megawatts (1,044,900 hp).[1] Six are 76.3 megawatts (102,300 hp) Francis-type, one is a 115 megawatts (154,000 hp) Pelton turbine and one is a 175 megawatts (235,000 hp) Francis pump-turbine.[1][9]
The dam's power house underwent upgrades and renovations in the 1990s.[9]
Climate
edit| Climate data for Bhumibol Dam (1991–2020, extremes 1960-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 37.9 (100.2) |
40.8 (105.4) |
42.3 (108.1) |
43.7 (110.7) |
43.0 (109.4) |
39.5 (103.1) |
39.0 (102.2) |
38.5 (101.3) |
38.0 (100.4) |
36.7 (98.1) |
37.4 (99.3) |
35.7 (96.3) |
43.7 (110.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.9 (89.4) |
34.8 (94.6) |
37.3 (99.1) |
38.2 (100.8) |
35.7 (96.3) |
33.8 (92.8) |
33.1 (91.6) |
32.9 (91.2) |
33.0 (91.4) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.8 (89.2) |
30.6 (87.1) |
33.8 (92.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.8 (74.8) |
26.6 (79.9) |
29.8 (85.6) |
30.9 (87.6) |
29.7 (85.5) |
28.7 (83.7) |
28.4 (83.1) |
28.1 (82.6) |
27.7 (81.9) |
26.6 (79.9) |
25.2 (77.4) |
23.2 (73.8) |
27.4 (81.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 17.8 (64.0) |
19.6 (67.3) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.2 (77.4) |
25.0 (77.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.5 (76.1) |
23.9 (75.0) |
22.7 (72.9) |
20.6 (69.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
9.6 (49.3) |
12.1 (53.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.5 (68.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.4 (68.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.1 (68.2) |
15.8 (60.4) |
10.7 (51.3) |
6.3 (43.3) |
6.3 (43.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 8.2 (0.32) |
6.3 (0.25) |
30.9 (1.22) |
64.7 (2.55) |
191.2 (7.53) |
108.7 (4.28) |
69.9 (2.75) |
119.6 (4.71) |
224.2 (8.83) |
186.1 (7.33) |
28.0 (1.10) |
8.7 (0.34) |
1,046.5 (41.20) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.8 | 0.7 | 2.1 | 4.0 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 9.3 | 10.8 | 12.9 | 11.7 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 76.7 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 69.7 | 58.5 | 54.1 | 59.5 | 70.6 | 74.0 | 73.5 | 75.4 | 79.7 | 83.2 | 79.4 | 75.4 | 71.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 272.8 | 257.6 | 294.5 | 279.0 | 198.4 | 117.0 | 120.9 | 117.8 | 108.0 | 182.9 | 216.0 | 272.8 | 2,437.7 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[10] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department (sun 1981–2010)[11](extremes)[12] | |||||||||||||
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c "Bhumibol Dam". Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ Philip Hirsch, Carol Warren (31 January 2002). The Politics of Environment in Southeast Asia. Routledge. p. 51. ISBN 9781134690459. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
- ^ Martin Wieland, Qingwen Ren, John S.Y. Tan (14 May 2014). New Developments in Dam Engineering: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Dam Engineering, 18–20 October, Nanjing, China. CRC Press. p. 178. ISBN 9780203020678. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b "Nai Luang, the great traveller". Bangkok Post. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
- ^ a b "Chao Phraya River Basin (Thailand)". UNESCO. p. 392. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
- ^ "Bhumibol Dam". Royal Irrigation Department - Thailand. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
- ^ a b "Bhumibol Dam, Thailand". Sustainable Hydropower. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
- ^ Bangkok Pundit (3 November 2011). "The Thai floods, rain, and water going into the dams – Part 2". Asian Correspondent.
Monthly Current Report Rainfall and Accumulative Rainfall March 2011. Source: Thai Meteorological Department
- ^ a b "Bhumibol Hydroelectric Power Project Thailand". Global Energy Observatory. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ "ปริมาณการใช้น้ำของพืชอ้างอิงโดยวิธีของ Penman Monteith (Reference Crop Evapotranspiration by Penman Monteith)" (PDF) (in Thai). Office of Water Management and Hydrology, Royal Irrigation Department. p. 29. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
- ^ "Climatological Data for the Period 1981–2010". Thai Meteorological Department. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
External links
edit
- Bhumibol Dam Archived 2017-11-18 at the Wayback Machine at Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
- WMO Climate Normals: Bhumibol Dam