The Battle of Saldanha Bay was a naval action that occurred off the Dutch Cape Colony on 21 July 1781 during the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War. A squadron of Royal Navy warships under the command of commodore George Johnstone captured five Dutch East India Company ships; her own crew destroyed a sixth. Casualties on the Dutch side were minimal if any, and there were no British casualties.
| Battle of Saldanha Bay | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War | |||||||
 Dankbaarheid, a Dutch ship captured during the battle, foundering on 30 January 1782 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Great Britain |
 Dutch Republic | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 George Johnstone |
Gerrit Harmeyer | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
5 ships of the line 3 frigates 2 sloops 1 fireship 1 bomb ship 7 troopships | 8 merchant ships | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| None |
5 merchant ships captured 1 merchant ship destroyed | ||||||
Background
editBritish Commodore George Johnstone was given secret orders to capture the Dutch Cape Colony. However, the French learned of his mission, and Admiral Pierre André de Suffren was sent to frustrate it. Suffren was en route to the Indian Ocean, but the French government had warned him so he sought to reach the Cape before Johnstone. After an indecisive chance encounter (Battle of Porto Praya), between the two fleets in the Cape Verde Islands on 16 April 1781, Suffren sailed for the Cape while Johnstone remained at Porto Praya for repairs. As a result, Johnstone found the Dutch settlement well defended when he arrived there in July and decided against an attack.
The Dutch governor Joachim van Plettenberg had, as a precaution, directed the westbound merchant fleet, laden with goods, to anchor in Saldanha Bay and wait for French escort but where they would be concealed from the British fleet. They were under orders to ground and burn their ships if the British were to appear; however they were not vigilant in their watches.
One of Johnstone's frigates, flying French colours, intercepted a Dutch merchantmen that had left the bay several days earlier, heading east. The Dutch vessel was theHeld Woltemade, which had sailed from Saldanha Bay on 28 June carrying stores and £40,000 in bullion to Ceylon. She struck to HMS Active on 1 July.[1][a] From Held Woltemade Johnstone learned of the whereabouts of the Dutch merchantmen.
Battle
edit_-_BHC2808_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg)
Bearing off Saldanha Bay Johnstone sighted the Dutch merchant ships, and entered the bay flying French colors. He then raised the British ensign and opened fire, totally surprising the Dutch. The Dutch could not escape and decided to destroy their ships rather than let them fall into British hands. The Dutch cut their cables, loosed their top sails, and drove the vessels on shore. Once this was done they attempted to torch the ships, and the British, now in their boats, attempted to extinguish the fires. The British were successful, taking as prizes Dankbaerheid, Paerl, Honcoop, and Hoogcarspel. Middelburg, however, burnt furiously and was left alone. She blew up after very nearly colliding with two of the prizes.
Rattlesnake surprised and captured a hooker (a type of coastal craft), laden with the sails of the captured ships and hidden away behind Schapin (Schaapen) Island. The Dutch had put the sails on board and hidden the hooker to make seizing the Indiamen more difficult.[3] By the end of the day the British had captured another two hookers, which Johnstone could not easily remove. In order not to leave any marks of "barbarity towards a settlement where our wants had so often been relieved", he gave them back to the Dutch.[3]
Aftermath
editAfter the British Royal Navy captured the Dutch East Indiamen, a boat rowed out to meet the British warships. On board were the "kings of Ternate and Tidore, and the princes of the respective families". The Dutch had long held these captives on Isle Robin, but then had moved them to Saldanha Bay.[3]
The British sent their prizes back to England. Only two reached their destination, and that with difficulty and after some fighting in the English Channel. A French frigate attacked Hoogcarspel, but she succeeded in getting to Mount's Bay where she was escorted. Also, two French privateers attacked Paerl, which succeeded in escaping. Dankbaerheid and Honcoop were lost in January 1782 as the result of a gale at the mouth of the Channel. The prize crew on Dankbaerheid were able to escape and reached Lisbon in safety. Honcoop disappeared and was believed to have foundered with all hands.[4]
Order of battle
editDutch order of battle
editThe information below on the Dutch vessels captured at Saldhana Bay comes from Lloyd's List,[5] van Niekerk,[6] and Nieuwe Nederlandsche jaerboeken.[7]
| Name | Master | Tons burthen | Guns | Voyage | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dankbaerheid | Hendrik Steetsel (or Steedsel) | 1000 | 24 | Bengal to Rotterdam | Lost on passage to England;[8] built for the Rotterdam Chamber in 1772; cargo value: ƒ 427,490 (Rotterdam), 353,265 (Delft), and 130 (Amsterdam)[6] |
| Paerl (or Paarl) | Dirk Cornelisz. Plokker[6] | 1100 | 20 | China to Amsterdam | Built for the Amsterdam Chamber in 1778; cargo value: ƒ658,673[6] |
| Honcoop (or Hencoop) | Axellandt | 1100 | 20 | China to Amsterdam | Lost on passage to England;[8] built for the Zeeland Chamber in 1770; cargo value: ƒ657,355[6] |
| Hoogcarspel | Gerrit Harmeir, (or Harmeyer[9]), Commodore for the squadron[10] | 1100 | 20 | China to Amsterdam | Built 1771 for the Delft Chamber; cargo value: ƒ516,911[6] |
| Held Woltemade | Swerus Vrolyk | 1100 | 14 | Amsterdam to Ceylon | Captured prior to the "battle"[1] |
| Middelburg | Justus van Gennep, (or Van Gennip)[9]) | 1100 | 24 | China to Amsterdam | Burnt; built for the Zeeland Chamber in 1775; cargo value: ƒ 643,543[6] |
The British had insured their prizes so when Dankbaerheid and Honcoop were lost in transit to Britain the captors still benefited from the insurance money.[11] The total prize money for Paerl and Hoogcarspel, which was divided between Johnstone's squadron and the Army under the command of General Sir William Meadows, amounted to £68,000.[12]
British order of battle
editWarships (per prize money announcements):
- HMS Hero (74)[13]
- HMS Monmouth (64)[14]
- HMS Isis (50)[13]
- HMS Jupiter (50)[13]
- HMS Romney (50)[13]
- HMS Jason (36)[13]
- HMS Active (32)[13]
- HMS Diana (28)[13]
- HMS Rattlesnake (16)[13]
- HMS Lark (16)[13][b]
- HMS Infernal (1778) (6)[13]
- HMS Terror (8)[13]
In addition to the warships, the following troopships also shared in the prize money for the Paerl and Hoogkarspel: San Carlos, Porpoise, Raikes, Royal Charlotte, Resolution, Manilla, and Pondicherry.[13]
Notes
edit- ^ Both Lark and Rattlesnake, and probably the rest of the squadron as well, shared in the prize money for Held woltenmade.[2] That prize money for Held woltenmade was paid suggests that Held woltenmade had arrived safely at a British port and had been condemned there.
- ^ Some sources state that HMS Tapageur (14-gun cutter), under Lieutenant Philippe d'Auvergne, was part of the squadron, not Lark. However, Tapaguer had sunk a year before. Furthermore, Lark, under d'Auvergne, was part of Johnstone's squadron.
Citations
edit- ^ a b The London Magazine, Or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer, Volume 50, pp.503-4.
- ^ "No. 12624". The London Gazette. 22 February 1785. pp. 104–105.
- ^ a b c The New Annual Register, Or General Repository of History ..., (October 1781), Vol. 2, p.90.
- ^ van Niekerk (2015), p. 428.
- ^ Lloyd's List, - accessed 17 December 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g van Niekerk (2015), pp. 406–7.
- ^ Nieuwe Nederlandsche jaarboeken, p. 1987-1991
- ^ a b "No. 13902". The London Gazette. 18 June 1796. p. 583.
- ^ a b The New Annual Register, Or General Repository of History ..., (1781), Vol. 2, p.89.
- ^ van Niekerk (2015), p. 406.
- ^ "No. 12593". The London Gazette. 6 November 1784. p. 1.
- ^ "No. 13914". The London Gazette. 23 July 1796. p. 705.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "No. 12654". The London Gazette. 7 June 1785. p. 280.
- ^ "No. 12657". The London Gazette. 18 June 1785. p. 303.
References
edit- Clowes, Laird (1897) The royal navy: a history from the earliest times to the present: Volume 4 London: S. Low, Marston and company.
- van Niekerk, JP (2015). "Of naval courts martial and prize claims: Some legal consequences of commodore Johnstone's secret mission to the Cape of Good Hope and the "battle" of Saldanha Bay, 1781 (Part 1)". Funda Fundamina. 21 (2): 392–456. doi:10.17159/2411-7870/2015/v21n2a11. ISSN 2411-7870. OCLC 6233074617.
- Potgieter, Thean, 'Maritime defence of the Cape of Good Hope, 1779-1803', Historia, Vol 48, No1.
- Webster, Roger The illustrated at the fireside: true South African stories.